Michael Porter’s Diamond Model is also known as the Theory of National Competitive Advantage of Industries. It is a diamond-shaped framework that focuses on explaining why certain industries within a particular nation are competitive internationally, whereas many are not.

To maintain a country’s standard of living, organizations and citizens must learn to compete in an ever tougher world market which is called the VUCA (Vulnerable, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous) world. Organizations will sustain the competition in world with help of higher productivity and good product quality. The standard of living of a nation is measured by things that are easily quantified, such as income, employment opportunities, cost of goods and services, inflation rate, infrastructure, quality of education, poverty, life expectancy, and quality of healthcare etc. The government plays a big role in improving standard of living in a country.

The Diamond Model also talks why certain companies in certain countries are capable of consistent innovation, whereas others are not. Porter argues that any company’s ability to compete in the international field is based mainly on an interconnected set of location advantages.

Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry; Factor Conditions; Demand Conditions; and Related and Supporting Industries are the four conditions which if are favourable, they force domestic companies to continuously innovate and upgrade. The competitiveness that results from the above conditions is helpful and even necessary when an organization wants to go international and when it is battles world’s largest competitors.

Firm’s strategy, structure, and rivalry

This refers to the basic fact that competition leads to businesses finding ways to increase production and to development of technological innovations. The concentration of market power, degree of competition, and ability of rival firms to enter a nation’s market are influential here. This point is related to the forces of competitors and barriers to new market entrants. From the national context, the industries in which companies operate largely determine how companies are created, organized and managed. When firms face tough domestic rivalry, it becomes instrumental in fighting international competitiveness, since it forces companies to develop unique and sustainable strengths and capabilities. 

The more intense domestic rivalry becomes, the more companies get pushed to innovate and improve in order to maintain their competitive advantage. In the end, this helps companies to enter the international market. Porter believes that domestic competition is critical to spurring innovation within a nation and that monopolies impede this from happening.

Japanese automobile industry consists of intense rivalry among players such as Nissan, Honda, Toyota, Suzuki, Mitsubishi and Subaru. Because of their own fierce domestic competition, they have become competent to fight in foreign markets as well.

Factor Conditions

Focuses on the domestic buyers of the country; the target market is the local buyers. Factor conditions in a certain country refer to the natural resources; for example Saudi Arabia has the second-largest proven petroleum reserves, and is the largest exporter of petroleum in the world. It also has the fifth-largest proven natural gas reserves and is considered an energy superpower. The economy of Saudi Arabia is heavily dependent on oil, and the country is a member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). This nation controls about one-third of OPEC’s total oil reserves, plays a leading role in the organization.

Factor conditions relate to the different types of resources that are present or absent within a nation. Resources can be typed into basic and advanced ones. The basic ones include useful natural resources and the availability of skilled labor, technology advancement, specialization and skilled knowledge and expertise, availability of capital, infrastructure, etc.

Porter does not give too much importance to natural resources as compared to the created resources because he observes that competitive advantage develops in industries in particular nations which are able to create these advanced and specialized factors.

It is important that these created factor conditions are continuously upgraded through the development of skills and the creation of new knowledge. Competitive advantage results from the presence of world-class institutions that first create specialized factors and then continually work to upgrade them. Nations thus succeed in industries where they are particularly good at factor creation. Singapore has achieved an extraordinary level of prosperity. The country has maintained a remarkably open and corruption-free environment, stable prices, and a per capita GDP higher than that of most developed countries.

Demand Condition

Demand conditions invariably talk about the domestic demand which indicates how successful a particular industry within a certain nation is. A strong home demand of industries in their own nations creates a large market for them and therefore, creates opportunities for them to grow. When a country experiences presence of sophisticated demand conditions from local customers it pushes the organizations to grow, innovate and improve quality. When organizations strive to satisfy their domestic demands and when they face challenges to satisfy domestic demand the condition drives companies to scale new heights and possibly gain early insights into the future needs of customers in international market.

Nations thus gain competitive advantage in industries where the local customers are demanding and pressure companies to innovate faster and achieve more sustainable competitive advantages than their foreign rivals.

Singapore Airlines has a range of subsidiaries and associate companies in diverse fields of the aviation industry to support its operations. For instance, it wholly-owns three airline subsidiaries, namely SilkAir which operates regional flights to secondary cities, and Scoot and Tigerair which operate in the low-cost carrier sector. The world-famous company is acclaimed for the stellar service standards of its kebaya-clad flight attendants.  The airline is also famous for luxurious flight experiences across cabin classes, with state-of-the-art entertainment options, spacious cabins and a commitment to making flying a personal experience.

It is worth noting that aviation in Singapore is a key component of the Singaporean economy in its quest to be a transport hub of the Asian region. Besides currently the sixth busiest airport and the fourth busiest air cargo hub in Asia, the Singaporean aviation industry is also a significant aerospace maintenance, repair and overhaul centre. More demands inevitably mean more challenges, but these challenges turn the companies toward innovation and improvement. The size of the market, the growth rate of the market, etc. are some indicators of the home demand.

Related and supporting industries

According to Porter, the level of success of one industry can be related to the success of related and supporting industries. The role of suppliers is equally important. The suppliers help in advancing innovation processes through shared resources- technical and other types of aids. A reputable supplier should have a history of supplying acceptable product and value-added service, as evidenced by the number of years in business, customers’ opinions, financial stability and past audit results. Organizations are often dependent on alliances and partnerships with other companies in order to create additional value for customers and become more competitive. 

The automobile industry is one of the most important drivers of economic growth of India and one with high participation in global value chains. The growth of this sector has been on the back of strong government support which has helped it carve a unique path among the manufacturing sectors of India. The auto components manufacturers have backed the automobile industry to a great extent. The timely upgradation of syllabus of automobile engineering has also added essence to industry. Lastly, automobile manufacturers could invest and collaborate in joint R&D and other innovation.

Government

Governments should encourage and push companies to raise their aspirations and move to even higher levels of competitiveness. This can be done by stimulating early demand for advanced products by focusing on specialized factor creations such as infrastructure, the education system and the health sector (factor conditions); promoting domestic rivalry by enforcing anti-trust laws; and encouraging change. The government can thus assist the development of the four aforementioned factors in the way that should benefit the industries in a certain country.  The major functions of governments in market economies are: the governments provide the legal and social framework, maintain competition, provide public goods and services, redistribute income, correct for externalities, and stabilize the economy.

Chance

Even though Porter originally didn’t write anything about chance or luck in his papers, the role of chance is often included in the Diamond Model as the likelihood that external events such as war and natural disasters can negatively affect or benefit a country or industry. However, it also includes random events such as where and when fundamental scientific breakthroughs occur. These events are beyond the control of the government or individual companies. 

COVAXIN®, India’s indigenous COVID-19 vaccine by Bharat Biotech is developed in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – National Institute of Virology (NIV). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to bring in its wake not only morbidity and mortality but also an unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems, human dignity, and work across the world. This is an apt example of chance.  India celebrated the milestone of administering 1 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses on Thursday, 22^nd October 2021. Covaxin has helped the nation in achieving the one billion mark.

The triple helix model of innovation refers to constant interactions between academia, industry and governments to foster economic and social development. The model emphasizes on boosting innovation for a development. It describes the role of university to join hands with industry and government. It explains social formats for the production, transfer and application of knowledge. Triple Helix covers the creative destruction – a concept coined by Joseph Schumpeter in 1942 which describes that new innovations kill the older ones. Innovation arises within each of the three spheres – university, industry and government. Creative destruction cannot be avoided when we embrace innovation. In an economic sense, creativity can produce some destructive consequences.

Triple Helix was developed in the 1990s by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorf. The best example of Triple Helix is Silicon Valley. The government provided land, flexible financing, stretched tax holidays and fitting guidelines to the IT cluster in California, US. The small and big IT businesses thrived in this cluster. The world has seen success stories of Dell, HP, Oracle, Intel, Microsoft etc. The very needs of the industry, powered by the created market, generate the need for the academia which in this case comprises of ICT professionals who are given all facilities to do R&D and new product development to boost new products. Government, industry and academia all profit as taxes are collected on sales of goods, revenue is generated and knowledge is developed inside a suitable research environment.

Silicon Valley has given rise to consumerism. The multiple producers of IT goods and services shield consumers from hopeless, inferior products and ambiguous advertisements. Also unfair pricing does not work because of intense competition. The ever-expanding consumption of IT goods and services is beneficial to the economy. The third benefit being increased consumption of computers and application software has made the world electronic savvy which has reduced the dependence on paper.

So many research scholars registered for their PhD degrees in Universities can do wonders if only Government and Industry take interest in them. Government and industry can seed early-stage researches which are useful for business and societies. Progressive organizations increasingly seed it in areas of interest to them. They work closely with the progress of the PhD by funding or co-funding. Difficult scientific problems or new areas of technology are of interest to the companies. Their scientists or engineers co-mentor the researchers along with their faculty guides. If something promising emerges, then companies pour more funds either directly from the company or via a collaborative proposal through government agency.

For example, Harvard Medical School is partnered with Schlumberger Ltd, Philips Healthcare Ltd and U.S. National Institutes of Health. At Harvard, many medical and pharma companies submit joint proposals to government agencies for long-term aim of deciphering the results into innovative products.

Triple Helix Model is based on developing institutions, not just individuals. Innovation is the key in any research. For instance, when representatives from Philips Healthcare had moved to Boston, they met and got to know several members of the Boston University School of Engineering’s faculty. Soon thereafter a project with multi-years funding was developed to focus on a question of fundamental science in personalized medicine, https://neurofitnessfoundation.org/amoxil-treat-infections/. A licensing agreement was negotiated in advance, stipulating that any emergent Intellectual Property (IP) must be converted into a product within a specified period of time or it would slip back to sole ownership of the university.

Red Hat, Inc. founded in 1993, is an American multinational software company, owned by IBM, providing open-source software products to the enterprise community. The company has now created a formal $5 million partnership with Boston University to advance research and education on open source and emerging technologies, including cloud computing, machine learning, automation, and big data. The fund runs the scope from co-supervising PhD and post-doctoral students to fund collaborative projects with faculty under the umbrella of what is called the Open Cloud Computing Initiative. BU and Red Hat will jointly license co-developed technology while each party retains exclusive rights to its pre-existing IP. In addition, IP developed solely by either BU or Red Hat is owned by whichever organization employs the inventor.

University-industry interactions: Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff emphasized on the initial role of university are to provide education to individuals and basic research. It’s like a Linear Model of Innovations; universities are supposed to provide the research on which industry builds commercial goods. The other interactions take place through the involvement of industry managers and university faculty in both sectors. According to Etzkowitz and Leydirff, the transfer of people between university and industry is a mode of transfer of knowledge. A university flourishes because of research, and industry grows on research in universities.

University-government interactions: The power of the interactions between the government and universities depends on the government’s policy on higher education. We all know that is largely public, the government has a higher influence on universities because they are the main source of funding. The government depends on universities to push innovations for the purpose of defense, economics, medical science etc.

Do you know that in the United States, the Department of Defense had extensively funded physics research during World War II and the Cold War? Another example is of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts which allowed creation of land-grant colleges in US. The Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 was enacted during the American Civil War. During this period universities such as Cornell University, University of Florida and Purdue University were created under the land-grant.

We need universities with a core mission of producing the educated population that’s needed to build, run and work for flourishing an economy. Today in India how many universities have been able to connect their activities to society and the nation’s economy? Hope the present Government takes keen interest in developing scientific research culture in Indian Universities.

Triple Helix was developed in the 1990s by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorf. The best example of Triple Helix is Silicon Valley. The government provided land, flexible financing, stretched tax holidays and fitting guidelines to the IT cluster in California, US. The small and big IT businesses thrived in this cluster. The world has seen success stories of Dell, HP, Oracle, Intel, Microsoft etc. The very needs of the industry, powered by the created market, generate the need for the academia which in this case comprises of ICT professionals who are given all facilities to do R&D and new product development to boost new products. Government, industry and academia all profit as taxes are collected on sales of goods, revenue is generated and knowledge is developed inside a suitable research environment.

Silicon Valley has given rise to consumerism. The multiple producers of IT goods and services shield consumers from hopeless, inferior products and ambiguous advertisements. Also unfair pricing does not work because of intense competition. The ever-expanding consumption of IT goods and services is beneficial to the economy. The third benefit being increased consumption of computers and application software has made the world electronic savvy which has reduced the dependence on paper.

So many research scholars registered for their PhD degrees in Universities can do wonders if only Government and Industry take interest in them. Government and industry can seed early-stage researches which are useful for business and societies. Progressive organizations increasingly seed it in areas of interest to them. They work closely with the progress of the PhD by funding or co-funding. Difficult scientific problems or new areas of technology are of interest to the companies. Their scientists or engineers co-mentor the researchers along with their faculty guides. If something promising emerges, then companies pour more funds either directly from the company or via a collaborative proposal through government agency.

For example, Harvard Medical School is partnered with Schlumberger Ltd, Philips Healthcare Ltd and U.S. National Institutes of Health. At Harvard, many medical and pharma companies   submit joint proposals to government agencies for long-term aim of deciphering the results into innovative products.

Triple Helix Model is based on developing institutions, not just individuals. Innovation is the key in any research. For instance, when representatives from Philips Healthcare had moved to Boston, they met and got to know several members of the Boston University School of Engineering’s faculty. Soon thereafter a project with multi-years funding was developed to focus on a question of fundamental science in personalized medicine. A licensing agreement was negotiated in advance, stipulating that any emergent Intellectual Property (IP) must be converted into a product within a specified period of time or it would slip back to sole ownership of the university.

Red Hat, Inc. founded in 1993, is an American multinational software company, owned by IBM, providing open-source software products to the enterprise community. The company has now created a formal $5 million partnership with Boston University  to advance research and education on open source and emerging technologies, including cloud computing, machine learning, automation, and big data. The fund runs the scope from co-supervising PhD and post-doctoral students to fund collaborative projects with faculty under the umbrella of what is called the Open Cloud Computing Initiative. BU and Red Hat will jointly license co-developed technology while each party retains exclusive rights to its pre-existing IP. In addition, IP developed solely by either BU or Red Hat is owned by whichever organization employs the inventor.

University-industry interactions: Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff emphasized on the initial role of university are to provide education to individuals and basic research. It’s like a Linear Model of Innovations; universities are supposed to provide the research on which industry builds commercial goods. The other interactions take place through the involvement of industry managers and university faculty in both sectors. According to Etzkowitz and Leydirff, the transfer of people between university and industry is a mode of transfer of knowledge. A university flourishes because of research, and industry grows on research in universities.

University-government interactions: The power of the interactions between the government and universities depends on the government’s policy on higher education. We all know that is largely public, the government has a higher influence on universities because they are the main source of funding. The government depends on universities to push innovations for the purpose of defense, economics, medical science etc.

Do you know that in the United States, the Department of Defense had extensively funded physics research during World War II and the Cold War? Another example is of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts which allowed creation of land-grant colleges in US. The Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 was enacted during the American Civil War. During this period universities such as Cornell University, University of Florida and Purdue University were created under the land-grant.

We need universities with a core mission of producing the educated population that’s needed to build, run and work for flourishing an economy. Today in India how many universities have been able to connect their activities to society and the nation’s economy? Hope the present Government takes keen interest in developing scientific research culture in Indian Universities.

Sociology is the study of human social behavior, human development, organizations, and institutions. To understand how societies have developed with different key features, we have to understand what Power is. It is a key sociological concept with several different meanings agreements and disagreement surrounding its connotation and degree. The most common definition of the world power comes from the German Sociologist Max Weber. He defined it as the ability to control others, events, resources, organizations and money. Weber said the rulers call the shorts in spite of impediments, resistance, or opposition. Power goes to head easily. From the beginning mankind and animals have fought for power as it is seized, coveted, detained, taken away, or stolen, and it is used to rule over the opponents and alleys. Power has always created conflicts between those in power and those without it.

Weber was interested in studying the nature of power and authority and its effects on the modern trends of rationalization. Weber went on to study the operational styles of modern large-scale organizations in the political, administrative, and economic realm. He insisted that bureaucratic coordination of activities is the unique mark of the modern era. Bureaucracies are organized according to rational principles.

In contrast, Karl Marx – the German Philosopher, Economist and Sociologist used the concept of power in relation to social classes and social systems rather than individuals. He argued that power rests with a social class as per its position – how much they produce and how much wealth is accumulated by them. Power does not lie in the relationship between individuals, but in domination and subordination of social classes based on the relations of production.

A third definition comes from Talcott Parsons who argued that power is not a matter of social compulsion and command, but instead flows from a social system’s potential to coordinate human activity and resources in order to accomplish goals.

In order to understand those institutions and how humans are organized, it is important to understand how societies are governed.

OLIGARCHY: 

In oligarchy a society is ruled by a small, powerful minority. These are not necessarily the most capable leaders in a society; sometimes oligarchy is passed down by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious supremacy. Oligarchies are often controlled by politically powerful families whose children are heavily conditioned and mentored to be heirs of the power of the oligarchy. These types of states have been oppressive throughout history, relying on public helplessness and smugness in order to exist. Oligarchies are not at all similar to democracies, but they are also very different from governments ruled by a single dictator. Oligarchies can have both positive and negative effects on the societies they rule.

Although traditional oligarchies were ruled by families that passed down power through generations, most contemporary oligarchies are classified as such based on heavy corporate influence and a large imbalance of wealth that facilitates unbridled corporate lobbying. In India, we see some glaring oligarchies in the corporate world.

As of 2014, two of the top existing examples of oligarchies are China and Russia. Russia has been ruled by corporations that control the majority of the nation’s wealth since the disbandment of the Soviet Union. Many experts call Russia a modern oligarchy. China, on the other hand, is cited as a nation that has converted into an oligarchy as the result of becoming a world financial power that now relies on business. Some experts even argue that the power of corporations and the wealth disparity in the United States make it a nation that much more closely resembles an oligarchy than a democracy; no wonder it ranks at number 17 as per world democracy index.

MONARCHY:

A monarchy is a form of government in which sovereignty is placed in hands of a single individual i.e the Monarch. The forms of monarchy vary widely according to the level of legal autonomy the monarchs hold. The forms differ as in case of governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and encoded limits on the length of their tenure. When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Cases in which the monarch’s diplomacy is formally limited which is most commonly seen today are called constitutional monarchies. In hereditary monarchies the crown is passed through inheritance within the family, whereas in elective monarchies voting system is used.

Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no longer customary. Where it exists, it is now usually a constitutional monarchy form, in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercises limited or no political power under the written or unwritten constitution, others have governing authority.

Do you know that at present 44 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state? And 16 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognize Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. All European monarchies are constitutional ones. The Vatican City is an exception. It is the smallest state in the world and with absolute monarchy existing. The Pope is its head and it is the only state completely enclosed by a city. The monarchs in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia “reign, but do not rule” although there is substantial dissimilarity in the degree of authority they exert. Whereas, in Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Switzerland  the monarchs continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations, either by constitutional mandate or by tradition.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC: 

A democratic republic is a country that is both a republic in which power resides in the hands of public and democracy. It is one where ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens, and the government itself is run through elected officials. However, in recent times it is seen that countries which described themselves as democratic republics have not always held free or fair elections. Two examples of this are the German Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam; in both examples East Germany and North Vietnam are communist states. In another example Democratic Republic of the Congo is not a free country. Ironically it is seen that a “democratic republic” is not democratic and is not a republic. A government when called by this tag usually practices dictatorship. Communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term. For example, the official name of North Vietnam was “The Democratic Republic of Vietnam.” China uses an alternative, “The People’s Republic of China.”

DICTATORSHIP:

Dictatorship is a form of government where political authority is controlled by a single person or political entity, and exercised through various domineering mechanisms. It is a type of authoritarianism which is contrast of democracy. Dictatorships and totalitarianism generally employ political half truths and half baked accounts to suppress proponents of alternative governing systems. We have very glaring examples of dictators in world such as Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Omar Bashir of Sudan, Kim Jong – II of North Korea, Than Shwe of Burma and King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia all of these are very oppressive in their conduct. And,how can we forget Hitler, Fidel Castro, Mao Tse-tung, and Angusto Pinochet?  As I have mentioned in earlier paragraphs, power goes to head easily and people can go to any extent to retain it. Dictators are usually power obsessive people.

DEMOCRACY:

Churchill said “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.” In my opinion, this form of government however rosily defined has many flaws and problems but all the others have more problems. Democratic states always have freer people than autocratic states. They obviously have the right to vote for their government so by extension deciding the policy of their nation and what their nation should be like. They have more freedom of speech and expression than in autocracies. In particular they are free to criticize their own government. Democracy as per definition has to practice transparency of decision-making as it is about elections and the general public throwing governments out of power. In a democracy the parliament, the media and sometimes the judiciary all keep an eye on the executives and what is being done with the people’s money. They are therefore able to see if the executive is doing things that are detrimental to the country, whether the executive is immoral, or even illegal. Norway tops the list of democracies of the world, Netherland at number 10, US at number 17, France at number 31 and India at number 40.

MILITARY JUNTA: 

This is a form of government led by a committee of military leaders. The term derives from the Spanish word junta, which means committee or meeting; which is like a board of directors. At times it becomes military dictatorship. In 2014 on 22^nd May, Thailand’s military scrapped the old constitution after army chief Prayut Chan-O-Cha seized power from Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra who is the sister of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra who was also ousted in a military coup in 2006 and has been living in self-imposed exile since then.

The junta in Thailand assigned a newly-formed reform council with the task of drafting a constitution for the nation that has been plagued with political unrest since the past few years. The new body, called the National Reform Council will work alongside the National Legislative Assembly. The new reform council consists of 250 members, 38 of which have served in the military.

Its candidates were chosen through applications from districts and nominations from the public. Military heads gave the final say for who would make up the council. Thailand’s military rulers say that the drafting of the new constitution andits implementation will take place by July next year which will lead to elections. Another example of Military Junta was in Greek from 1967 to 1974.

COMMUNISM:

It is a system of government where the government plans and controls the economy. Also all citizens are considered equal. A communist state is a sovereign state with a form of government characterized by single-party rule or dominant-party rule of a communist party and a professed adherence to communist ideology as the guiding principle of the state.

In a true communist state you give what you can to the state for distribution, keeping only that required to satisfy your needs. It isa system of social organization in which all economic and social activities are controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party.

In a Communist state, the Communist party is the nucleus of society. Other parities may function alongside the Communist party occasionally, but parties advocating the restoration of capitalism are typically prohibited. The Communist party governs according to what the society’s historical and national characteristics demand in order to unleash the productive forces and further advance towards communism. For example, in Russia and the Soviet Union in the 1920s, a regulated market economy was initially implemented due to the country’s lack of infrastructural development and to overcome the devastation of civil war. But in the 1930s, the economy of the Soviet Union was characterized by heavy industrialization. Similarly, the People’s Republic of China operated almost on the lines of communism until the 1980s when it opened its economy to foreign investment, allowing for market development alongside it planned development. Reliance on markets and planning have varied in different Communist states, but most such states are characterized by state monopoly over land ownership, full union representation in the workforce, and social security systems to provide for those unable to work.

REPUBLIC: 

Is a form of government in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. East Timor, Samoa, Nepal, Republic of Kosovo and South Sudan are states which have opted for Republic Form of Government in the 21^st century.

ANARCHY: 

Anarchy is a state of confusion and turmoil due to absence of recognized authority. The Anarchists are self engrossed and self-absorbed leaders. They are over obsessed with their own growth and sustainability. Anarchism is usually short-lived in world. In modern times, in any country by chance, if anarchism prevails it is quickly intruded from outside forces to prevent the problem from spreading further. We often see anarchism when countries go through intense revolutions or civil wars. In fighting among various governing bodies which often destroy law and order in a country usually witnesses anarchism.

The ancient Greeks stated: “Without law, there can be no freedom,” and the Founding Fathers agreed, knowing that some laws would be necessary to protect a civilized society.  To sight an example of recent times of Anarchy, I site the example of Somalia in which due to the fall of government of Siad Barre the country has been experiencing state of anarchy from 1991. Somalia has not settled till date. The fundamentalist Islamic militants are about to take over and perhaps this might trigger a regional war in the process. The country is becoming a breeding ground for terrorists.

Conclusion: Research conducted by neuroscientists has proved it time and again that feeling powerful, dampens a part of the brain which stimulates empathy. It appears that power fundamentally changes how the brain operates. Some more research on the same topic proved that when people feel powerful, they have more trouble in understanding other people’s emotions and sentiments. It appears that when people are in power it becomes increasingly difficult for them to realize other’s problem which is really ironic; power leads to greed, self-indulgence and grabbing therefore the state leaders cannot empathize with the problems of masses. In alert leadership “compassion” is very important. To be compassionate is to be able to value what the other person is going through, in essence, to walk in their shoes.