Alfred Adler created Personality Theory which he called Individual Psychology because he believed that people are unique and each one requires a different treatment. Adler initially followed Sigmund Freud’s teachings but he disconnected after a disagreement. Freud’s theory says that human behaviour is driven by sex. Adler’s Personality Theory says that the base of human behaviour is to overcome the feelings of inferiority. This is the fundamental difference between Freud’s and Adler’s theories. Adlerian therapy is a short-term, goal-oriented, and positive psychodynamic therapy based on the theories of Alfred Adler. Adler focused a good deal of his research on feelings of inferiority versus superiority in people; besides the amount of obstacles one faces in life. He also observed that each one crave for a sense of belonging in one’s own community and society.  According to Adler, feelings of inferiority can result in irrational behavio. But, in the right setting, an individual can be motivated to strive for greater success. Adlerian therapy focuses on how individual personality is interconnected with society at large.

Usefulness of the theory: Adlerian therapy is useful in any type of psychological disorder or mental illness. Adlerian therapy may be used in combination with other therapeutic approaches such as insightful counselling, music therapy or art therapy as it best suits the needs of the individuals involved. An Adlerian approach can be employed with children, adolescents, adults, individuals, couples, families and business organizations, https://medfitnetwork.org/public/ambien-zolpidem-info/.

The therapy applies in four stages: engagement, assessment, insight and reorientation.

Engagement: the therapist must be empathic towards client; he/she must make the client comfortable so that the client feels secured and is able to open up or vent his/her problems. The client and therapist begin to establish a therapeutic relationship. The relationship should consist of teamwork towards addressing the client’s problems. The therapist should offer support. Adler laid emphasis on knowing birth order of the client among his/her siblings and the clients early childhood memories. Birth order refers to the order a child is born in his family; for example, first-born, second-born or youngest. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development.

Assessment: A common approach to assessment in this therapy is to assess the client’s life style. At this stage the therapist works to learn more about the client’s background, including early memories and family structure and family dynamics. In this part of therapy, the therapist tries to understand how the client may have developed certain styles of beliefs that no longer are helpful to him/her.

Insight: The therapist helps the client to view the situation from a different perspective.  The therapist makes the client understand his/her lifestyle meanings, morals and goals which need a fresh perspective and how the client needs to change the dysfunctional or flawed pattern of thinking/behaviour. The Socratic method of asking questions and stochastic (random guessing hence unpredictable) guessing method are employed. Socratic approach is a form of cooperative dialogues between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying suppositions.

Reorientation: At this stage the therapist suggests his/her client to take steps to reinforce newly developed insights. Often the client learns more about his/her unknown capabilities and strengths. It happens quite often that we learn about our capabilities from others. Occasionally we find a good counsellor in a friend/sibling/parent/neighbour/teacher etc. At this stage the therapist encourages the client to make changes, to develop courage, alter some habits to overcome the flawed thinking/habit.

Where does Adlerian therapy help? The Adlerian therapy focuses overall to reframe the attitudes, beliefs, and lifestyle choices that block success of people. The therapist focuses on the approach in which the client effectively reaches the desired goals. One of the core tenets of Adlerian therapy is that individual behavior must be explored within the context of a client’s sense of “fitting in” with his/her community, and society at large. In some cases, this extends to birth order and how one’s role within the family affects the development of one’s personality and future relationships. Adlerian therapy works well in schools, clinics, corporations, and other community settings which helps in providing a sense of belonging and respect for all. This therapy works especially with positive orientation.

What qualifications does the Adlerian therapist require? An Adlerian therapist is a licensed psychotherapist with a Master’s degree or doctorate and specialized training or experience in an Adlerian approach. If you are seeking this therapy, you must speak to the potential therapist; ask if he or she takes an Adlerian approach to treatment. Once it is established that a therapist has the credentials and experience you are looking for, it is important to make sure you are comfortable working with that therapist. It is possible that other professionals, such as doctors, nurses, teachers, and counsellors, may also incorporate Adlerian principles into their work.

The base of Adlerian therapy:  Inferiority is a feeling that humans have since they are born. They grow up being dependent on their parents and to a great extent they are influenced the way they are treated by their caregivers. The children shapeup as what their parents think of them. Later they get influenced by teachers, siblings, neighbours etc. When they get into their careers, their peers, bosses, colleagues influence them. Each individual tries to “fit” in the societal norms. We feel motivated if majority of people in our life think positively about us. If we get negative feedback, our inferiority complex gets more cemented. It is humans drive to overcome inferiority and become superior.

Writing or scripting a syllabus presents some challenges.  On the one hand, as the first communication with the students, the syllabus needs to convey the excitement and interest of the course, and give the students a sense of how this course will transform them and why they might want to take it.  On the other hand is poses great threat if it is not covered in experiential manner in the higher education.

The syllabus plays a vital role in both learning and teaching. It ensures a fair and impartial understanding between the instructor and students; it also defines policies relating to the course. Policies such as what students would be learning in a course, code of conduct, assessment parameters, books to be referred, pedagogy etc. In short, it provides a roadmap of course.

Both syllabus and curriculum are often confused. While, curriculum is a focus of study, consisting of various courses all designed to reach a particular proficiency or qualification, a syllabus usually contains specific information about the course. It’s an outline and summary of topics to be covered in a training course. It is descriptive often either set out by an exam board.

Human life, however varied, consists in the performance of specific activities.  Education is supposed to prepare us for life. It is suppose to prepare us positively and adequately for the specific activities we choose. The education that we take is required to strengthen us to go out into the world of affairs and help us survive the profession that we choose. And higher education should improve our abilities, aptitudes, habits, approaches and manners to cope in our professional lives. These objectives should govern the syllabus. The course coverage therefore should be definite and exclusive.  The syllabus should be one such that enables the students to have series of experiences sensitizations of the world of affairs.

The progress in higher education all over the world is set the thinkers and advocates considering the following facts about educational purposes the syllabus:

1.    What educational purposes a specific course should seek to attain?

2.   What educational experiences should be provided that is likely to attain these purposes?

3.   How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?

4.   How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained?

Since the real purpose of higher education is not to have the instructor performs certain activities but to bring about significant changes in the students’ views and sensitizing them to the professional world, it becomes important to recognize that any statements of objectives of the curriculum  should be a statement of changes to take place in the students. The syllabus should mention the learning edge; what one already knows and how the course will push the student beyond the realm.

Today, students who come to learn the higher and technical courses complain that the syllabus has not been covered scientifically; it has not guided them sufficiently; the objectives are not met up with; in short they are left and dry. Sad, today syllabuses are not learner-centered. They are teacher centered. We see lot of overlapping of subject matter, unwanted repetition, and sluggish treatments to the topics covered. This tires the student and teacher both.

A review of higher education literature reveals a growing interest in instruction using learning technologies. Have we evaluated the specific needs and questions of the participants?  There is growing mismatch between the new learning technologies and the teacher’s ability to cope with the technologies defeats the syllabus coverage. Many teachers are resistant or unable to use the learning technologies which results in failing the program.

The gap between industry’s needs and the academic community’s aspirations is becoming larger in other words this gap is widening every year. Compulsions of a global market are bound to force industry in general to look afresh at their innovative processes and efforts. This process must be guided by higher and technical education by a complete paradigm shift from a simple capital intensive trading to a technology driven entrepreneurial one. In today’s world technology is driving our lives. New technologies are certainly part of the changes which in turn have changed the processes. We cannot afford to be cocooned in our creations and drag them on for our lives; our higher educational processes hence would need swift changes one of them is changing the syllabus after regular intervals and second regular review of them.

Academic integrity and honesty are essential in the development of a professional education syllabus. The professional courses are generally excellent at teaching the numbers and analysis of risk with mathematical tools to evaluate the time value of money etc. They should prepare students to live with risk, balancing professional and personal life, fairness in life, that selling right is listening first, and solving people’s problems and empathies with them. Most importantly each higher education program should emphasize first on execution than only on making strategies.

Tips for effectiveness of syllabus:

• Communicate with articulation course learning outcomes.
• List major topics the course will cover.
• Provide a list of reading materials (briefly annotated).
• List textbooks, reference books, journals and magazines and other course materials and where to find them.
• List how the course would be graded course requirements such as assignments, exams, attendance, participation, etc.
• Provide a detailed schedule, weekly or daily. Include what will be covered, assignment and test dates, learning activities such as group work or presentations, guest speakers, field trips, library information sessions, etc.
• Consider using graphics, pictures etc as these give a friendlier approach.
• Last but not the least, keep a friendly tone, and let your syllabus not startle the students.