Memory encompasses the mental processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information and experiences. It enables us to recall past events and knowledge, facilitating learning, adaptation, and comprehension of the world around us.

Individuals with exceptional memory capabilities are often referred to as having eidetic memory, often called as photographic memory, which allows them to vividly recall information. It is the ability to vividly and accurately recall images, sounds, or objects after seeing them briefly. It allows a person to “see” a mental image with details. A notable example is Nani Palkhivala, a distinguished Indian lawyer and jurist who was celebrated for his extraordinary memory. He could effortlessly recall dates, facts, figures, historical references, and literary quotes without notes. In the 1980s and early 1990s, crowds would gather at Mumbai’s Brabourne Stadium to hear his insightful analyses of the Budget, while in Pune, attendees would arrive early at S.P. College grounds to secure seats for his lectures. His quick wit and ability to make complex topics like budget allocations and economic policies engaging audiences from all walks of life. Listening to Palkhivala was a delight, as he spoke entirely from memory with a sense of humour.

Human memory is a complex process involving the preservation and retrieval of information, but it is not flawless. Forgetting can occur for various reasons, including brain chemistry, attention, and environmental factors. This natural process can be beneficial, allowing our brains to prioritize important information while discarding less relevant details. Forgetting can also aid in processing difficult memories and making room for new learning.

Learning and unlearning are vital for lifelong growth. Learning involves acquiring new knowledge and skills, while unlearning requires letting go of outdated beliefs and habits. This dynamic process helps individuals adapt in an ever-changing world, promoting personal and professional development.

Scientists identify four types of memory:

Working Memory

This short-term memory holds a limited amount of information for immediate use during tasks, such as remembering phone numbers or grocery lists. It is essential for reasoning, comprehension, and problem-solving, allowing individuals to temporarily store and manipulate information. Short memory helps in organizing daily chores of life.

Sensory Memory

This type involves the brief storage of sensory information, such as the enjoyment of a song or the taste of favourite food, a travel, a get together. It lasts only a few seconds and serves as a filter, determining what information is processed into short-term or long-term memory.

Short-Term Memory

This memory type allows for the retention of a small amount of information for a brief period, typically seconds to minutes. Examples include remembering a phone number long enough to dial it or recalling a name after an introduction.

Long-Term Memory

This involves transferring information from short-term memory into a more permanent storage, creating lasting memories. Long-term memory is crucial for personal growth and decision-making, as it encompasses significant life events and learned skills. It includes memories of childhood, friendships, and important milestones, forming the foundation of our autobiographical memories and general knowledge. Memory is a fundamental aspect of human life, ensuring continuity and aiding in daily activities. The ability to remember information allows individuals to learn, engage in essential behaviors, and understand their life experiences.

Memories are a fuel of life

Our ability to recall past events and draw upon important information can be attributed to the continuous process that is our memory. Memory is an integral part of human cognition allowing us to not only retain information over time but also give us a frame for understanding behavior. Memories give us our identity. They tell us who we are.  Memory is everything we have learned, how to behave, why to behave in a certain way, how to read others, how to resolve conflicts, our life’s experience makes us who we are. Our experience of the learning life’s lessons is embedded in the memory itself. Our memory reminds us of the good, the bad and the ugly. In short, our memories are crucial to the essence of who we are as human beings. Memories are fuel of our life. It’s crucial to know that age-related memory loss can represent a loss of self.

The “Michelin brothers” André (1853–1931) and Édouard (1859–1940) Michelin were French industrialists who founded the Michelin company in 1888, developing revolutionary tires, including the first removable pneumatic tire for bicycles in 1891 and for automobiles in 1895. To promote car travel and their tires, André Michelin published the first Michelin Guide in 1900, a now-famous restaurant and travel guide. The brothers were interested in the growing automotive industry and believed that by making tires more reliable and comfortable, they could promote car ownership. The Michelin Guide served as a tool to increase the demand for cars, and consequently, for their tires. Andre and Edouard Michelin  started their world-famous tire company in Clermont-Ferrand (a small French town) in 1889.  Which was fuelled by a grand vision for France’s automobile industry at a time when there were fewer than 3,000 cars in the country then.

In the late 19th century, cars were a luxury item, and there were only about 3,000 vehicles on the roads in France. Naturally, this limited the market for tires, which posed a challenge for the Michelin brothers. Rather than merely relying on traditional advertising to sell more tires, they came up with an innovative solution; they decided to create demand by encouraging people to drive more. In 1900, they published the first Michelin Guide, a small red book filled with information that was important to drivers. The guide included maps, tire repair instructions, and, most importantly, recommendations for hotels and restaurants across France. The idea was simple, if people had more reasons to travel, they’d drive more, and if they drove more, they’d need more tires. Look at this brilliant marketing strategy used by the brothers.

The Michelin Guide became a game-changer. It didn’t just promote Michelin tires; it enhanced the overall experience of driving. By providing useful content that people wanted and needed, the Michelin Brothers were able to subtly promote their brand and build a lasting relationship with their customers. Over the time, the Michelin Guide became a trusted source for travellers, and its influence grew far beyond its initial purpose. Today, the Michelin stars awarded by the guide are a mark of excellence in the culinary world, but the origins of this respected guide rests in a simple, yet brilliant, content marketing strategy.

The story of the Michelin Brothers is a powerful reminder that content marketing isn’t just about selling a product, it’s about providing value. By creating content that echoes with your audience and addresses their needs, you can build trust, foster loyalty, and ultimately drive sales in a way that traditional advertising cannot. Content marketing has come a long way since the days of the first Michelin Guide.

The Michelin Guide, which awards stars to restaurants based on anonymous, mysterious diners who review food, service, ambiance, prices of dishes in a restaurant. The brothers introduced Michelin stars, to rate restaurants. In practice. a one-star rating means, “a very good restaurant,” two stars signify “excellent cooking that is worth a detour,” and a three-star restaurant is one that offers “exceptional cuisine that is worth a special journey.”

According to Michelin, there are 80 inspectors responsible for covering different geographical areas, and their rotations change each year. The Michelin starts are not everywhere on the globe, and if a restaurant is not within a zone that the guide covers, they are not eligible for a Michelin star. Michelin stars are available in 41 countries and territories across Europe, Asia, North America, and South America, including countries like France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, the United States, China, and Singapore, reflecting the guide’s global expansion beyond its French origins.  In the U.S., the areas covered are New York City, Silicon Valley, San Francisco, the East Bay and wine country, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Las Vegas.

The inspectors are expected to remain anonymous and must visit restaurants several times  at different times of day and over several seasons before awarding any stars. Once a restaurant receives one star, they are up for review in 18 months, at which point they can either maintain their rating, add a star, or lose a star. According to Michelin, the food is the sole focus of the evaluation, but Michelin-starred establishments tend to also have exceptional service and ambiance, which keeps standards high across the board. Michelin states its official judging criteria as follows:

1. Using quality products
2. Mastery of flavour and cooking techniques
3. Personality of the chef in the cuisine
4. Value for money
5. Consistency of food

While Michelin Guide does not cover India, many Indian restaurants and chefs in other countries have earned Michelin Stars.  Jamvar in Doha is making it a notable Indian restaurant brand internationally. Quilon which is Taj restaurant in London has consistently held a Michelin Star for its Southwest Indian cuisine. Trèsind Studio in Dubai led by Chef Himanshu Saini, it made history by becoming the first Indian restaurant to be awarded three Michelin Stars. Atul Kochhar is first Indian chef to earn a Michelin star, his work at London’s Tamarind and later at Benares brought recognition to Indian cuisine. Vikas Khanna is an  Indian American celebrity chef, he holds a Michelin star and is a well-known figure in the culinary world.

After coming home in evening there’s nothing like a warm plate of dal-chawal with a teaspoon of ghee and squeezing little lemon juice on it. For most Indians, dal chawal is more than just food; it’s an emotion, a comfort. Why dal chawal is truly the ultimate comfort food for all of us? The beauty of dal-rice lies in its simplicity. Unlike fancy dishes, dal chawal doesn’t need exotic ingredients. Just basic dal and rice.  I cook dal as follows:

1 small cup toor dal (pigeon pea)
2 cups of water
½ spoon of turmeric powder
½ spoon asafoetida powder
1 spoon full of ghee
1 spoonful of cumin
Salt for taste

I cook toor dal (yellow split pigeon pea lentils, 1 small cup with 2 cups of water by adding ½ tablespoon turmeric powder to cook the dal. After 4 whistles of pressure cooker, I remove the dal and give it tadka of cumin seeds in ghee by adding salt for taste.

I like steamed Ambamohor rice which is called mango blossom rice in English. Having a good aroma and fragrance. Ambamohar is a short-grain rice, they are cooked on special occasions and are mainly grown in Maharashtra.

Dal-rice is packed with nutrients. Dal, depending on the type (toor, moong, or masoor), is full of essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It’s also a fantastic source of plant-based protein, making it an excellent choice for vegetarians. Dal is rich in protein, fiber, and essential nutrients. Rice, on the other hand, provides carbohydrates for energy. Together, they make a wholesome, balanced meal that’s light on your stomach but heavy on nourishment. Rice, whether white or brown, is primarily a source of carbohydrates, providing energy for the body. It also contains protein, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. Specific nutrients include B vitamins, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, iron, and manganese. Brown rice is a good source of fibre and antioxidants like phenols and flavonoids. 

What Makes Dal Chawal Good for a Balanced Diet? Its gentle on the stomach, it is super easy to digest. Together, they create a perfect balance of nutrients that doesn’t burden your tummy. If you’re recovering from a stomach bug, dealing with acidity, or just want a break from heavy, greasy food, your perfect solution is dal chawal for a balanced diet. Its simplicity is what makes it a favourite meal for all ages, from toddlers to grandparents. This combination of meal is as easy on the stomach and on the heart.

If you add a dollop of dahi (curd) to your dal chawal, the combination of dal chawal and curd works wonders for your gut health. Curd has probiotics, which are good bacteria that improve digestion and boost your immunity. This dish isn’t just food; it’s a mood. The warm, creamy dal paired with soft, fluffy rice has an almost therapeutic effect. Add a squeeze of nimbu (lemon) or a side of achaar (pickle), and suddenly, your worries seem a little smaller. Dal-rice is a comfort food. If you are struggling  with gluten sensitivity, dal-rice combo a safe and satisfying option. It suits for the pocket and the time.

The “camaraderie” or companionship shared between Mohammed Rafi and Kishore Kumar was a respectful and supportive friendship between two legends of Indian playback singing, characterized by their professional collaboration, mutual admiration, and the creation of timeless songs despite the fan-driven comparisons between their unique styles.

Kishore Kumar could sing songs of a wide range of emotions. His voice was known for its ability to convey a broad spectrum of emotions, from the tender romanticism of love songs to the infectious energy of party anthems.  He could effortlessly shift between different moods, from joyous to tragic, and between various genres, including ballads and energetic tracks. Kishore connected with actors by becoming their voice on screen.  A key aspect of his versatility was his remarkable ability to adapt his voice to match the specific persona and mood for different actors, from Dev Anand, Amitabh Bachchan to Rajesh Khanna, creating a unique connection with each.

Mohammed Rafi’s voice was unique due to his extraordinary versatility, incredible vocal range, and exceptional ability to convey emotion and adapt to various actors’ personalities and song moods. His voice had a distinctive texture that was simultaneously smooth, pure, forceful, and capable of soaring to high notes or plunging to deep, solemn tones. This blend of natural talent and technical skill made him a “Voice of God” and the definitive “Emperor of Melody” Both Rafi and Kishore share a good comradery .

During their individual musical journeys Kishore Kumar refused to sing songs because he felt were better suited for Mohammed Rafi’s voice, often due to the song’s genre or mood, which included qawwalis, classical-based songs, or other styles he wasn’t comfortable with. He prioritized artistic integrity and believed Rafi was the better choice for these specific songs, which were then sung by Rafi. Examples include “Nafrat Ki Duniya” from Haathi Mere Saathi and “Wada tera wada” from film Dushman.  

Kishore Kumar, despite his immense talent, was not as comfortable singing certain musical forms like pure qawwalis or classical-based songs. He recognized when a particular style or mood was better suited to Mohammed Rafi’s vocal prowess.

In some cases, Kishore Kumar’s refusal stemmed from a deep respect for Rafi, acknowledging that Rafi’s voice was the superior choice for the composition. Kishore Kumar did indeed suggest Mohammed Rafi’s name for the song “Chal Kahin Door Nikal Jayen” from the film ‘Doosara Aadmi’, which also featured Rafi in other films by the same composer. The song is a classic and was released in 1977. In the song Rafi has a brief part to sing. But Rafi has made it so lively and energetic which is picturised on Shahshi Kapoor. Watch the video below:

In another incident, Kishore refused to sing a song from film Abhimaan. The movie was  inspired by Kishore Kumar and his first wife Ruma Guha Thakur.  Both married in 1951 Ruma was a successful singer and actress of Bengali cinema. Then, Kishore Kumar was the struggling actor and singer during that period.  Kishore wanted that Ruma should stay home and take care of his family. But Ruma wanted to continue her career.  Due to this conflict, they had problems in their married life.  At last, they got separated in 1958. When Kishore refused to sing this song “Teri Bindiya Re” music director S.D.Burman chose  Mohammed Rafi to sing the song “Teri Bindiya Re.” Versatile Rafi sahab modulated his voice according Amitabh Bachchan’s voice and sang it very beautifully.  This song became the biggest hit of the year 1973. 

One more such song from movie Thokar 1974 which was produced on a tight-string budget with new actors had two very beautiful songs one sung by Mukesh and the other by Rafi. The song “Aapani Aankhon me basakar” was initially offered to Kishore. The song illustrates the truth that love has only one constraint- it should be between two devoted souls. Kishore suggested the composer that the song should be sung by only Mohd. Rafi. If there is a devoted soul to understand the feel of love, you need not have the eyes to see the beauty of it, nor do you need the words to express the feelings of your heart. Kishore refused to sing this song because it required a yearning in voice, it was a serious song. He strongly felt only Mohd. Rafi would do justice to this song. Sajan Dehelvi lyricist, Shyamji Ghanshyamji the composer and legendary Mohd Rafi immortalized this song picturised on an unknown actor Baldev Khosa.

Brain fog makes life miserable by creating a persistent, overwhelming sense of mental exhaustion, confusion, and reduced cognitive function. It makes simple tasks challenging such as where you have kept your mobile, why you entered a room, why you’re feeling hungry, whether you had your lunch etc. It causes frustration, anxiety, and a loss of confidence. The inability to focus or remember often leads to decreased productivity and strained interpersonal relationships, acting as a constant drain on mental energy.

Leading Indian doctors and neurologists describe brain fog as, “not a disease, but a symptom,” reflecting underlying issues like chronic stress, extreme sleep deprivation, poor nutrition, or post-COVID cognitive dysfunction. Experts warn that persistent mental fatigue, deprived concentration, and forgetfulness are now common in young professionals and are often linked to digital overstimulation, nutrient deficiencies, or thyroid problems.

Dr. Nasli Icchaporia highlights chronic sleep deprivation from excessive screen time as a major contributor. Dr. Aditya Aundhakar links it to the gut-brain axis, noting chronic gut inflammation can affect cognitive clarity. It’s become the “Post-Covid” phenomenon. Many specialists, including Dr. Vaibhav Tandon, recognize a sharp rise in post-COVID, long-term cognitive issues causing reduced mental stamina. Studies using advanced PET imaging have identified increased AMPA receptor density, confirming a biological basis for cognitive issues.

Dr Bhojraj, an interventional cardiologist, recounted the case of a woman in her early fifties who came to his clinic feeling exhausted, inflamed and mentally foggy. She was a teacher and a mother, physically active and mindful of her diet. Her blood reports showed no red flags. From a clinical standpoint, everything appeared normal. This is a common picture.

Brain fog, often manifesting as cognitive fatigue, reduced mental clarity, and diminished situational awareness, is a major, often hidden, factor in aviation accidents. It contributes to significant human performance issues, with studies indicating that fatigue and associated cognitive issues play a role in 15-20% of commercial aviation accidents.

Several prominent Indian celebrities have spoken openly about mental health struggles that involve symptoms of brain fog, such as cognitive dysfunction, memory issues, or lack of focus etc. Some famous surgeons have mentioned that while operating at times  they feel the brain fog and it takes a while to come back to realisation. Brain fog leads to a blank mind suddenly. 

Brain fog, characterized by fatigue, poor concentration, and slow cognitive processing, significantly increases road accident risks by impairing a driver’s ability to react to hazards, maintain focus, and judge distance. Caused by factors like sleep loss, stress, or illnesses, this mental state leads to dangerous scenarios such as “highway hypnosis“.

Highway hypnosis is a trance like mental state where a person drives long distances, often on monotonous highways, while operating on “autopilot” with no conscious memory of the past few minutes or miles. While the driver remains engaged in basic tasks like steering, their awareness is reduced, posing significant risks of failing to react to sudden hazards. It happens because of long, straight roads, minimal traffic, and unchanging scenery trigger the state. Brain goes on autopilot mode because of the subconscious mind takes over, like daydreaming while doing a familiar task. Drivers feel sleepy because of the long stretch.

Actress Alia Bhatt who is diagnosed with ADHD, revealed experiencing “zoning out,” difficulty focusing, and mental exhaustion. Deepika Padukone openly speaks about her bouts of brain fog. She described symptoms of feeling empty, directionless, and struggling to focus, which are often linked to mental fatigue.

Why brain fog causes significant misery?

A person may feel dazed, slow-thinking, or as if your mind is clouded, making it hard to process information or hold conversations. It reduces productivity simple, everyday tasks become overwhelming, leading to low work quality, burnout, and anxiety over falling behind. Misplacing items or forgetting daily tasks can be demoralizing and embarrassing.

Brain fog is a, non-medical term used to describe a set of symptoms including confusion, forgetfulness, poor concentration, and mental fatigue. It is not a diagnosis itself, but a symptom of underlying issues like stress, poor sleep, nutritional deficiencies, or illnesses such as COVID-19. Symptoms, which can include feeling “spaced out,” often come and go but can severely hinder daily productivity. Trouble focusing on tasks or maintaining attention.

Chronic lack of sleep, poor nutrition, dehydration, excessive stress, and too much screen time. Long COVID, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, anxiety, migraines, hormonal imbalances (pregnancy/menopause), and nutrient deficiencies like vitamin B12. Over-the-counter antihistamines or other sedative medications can contribute to the sensation

Brain fog can significantly disrupt, your life and interfere with daily functioning, according to studies shared by the National Institutes of Health. Brain fog is often temporary and linked to specific, solvable causes like fatigue. However, it can become chronic and last for weeks, months, or longer if it is tied to conditions like long COVID, chronic fatigue syndrome, or unmanaged chronic illnesses.

Conclusion

Addressing the root cause is key, which may include managing stress, improving sleep quality, ensuring a healthy diet, and consulting a doctor for potential vitamin deficiencies or underlying, health conditions.

The years from 0 to 7 are crucial years in a child’s life. The years from birth to age 7 are decisive because this is a period of rapid brain development and physical development where nervous system is growing at an incredible rate and setting the foundation for future learning, behaviour, and strength. During this period, children build critical skills in areas like language, motor function, and social-emotional development. Children don’t forget traumas throughout their lives which take place in this delicate formative years. Their experiences and environment play a significant role in shaping their life potential till end.

Erick Erickson is a German American psychologist and psychoanalyst. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality is shaped through eight stages across the lifespan, with each stage presenting a unique psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. Successfully resolving these conflicts, such as “Trust vs. Mistrust” in infancy or “Autonomy vs shame” and “Initiative vs. Guilt” till 7 years leads to a healthy personality and the development of basic virtues. Failure to resolve a crisis can result in difficulties in future stages, while success provides a foundation for continued psychological growth.

0 to 18 months is called Trust vs Mistrust

During this time, infants depend entirely on caregivers and learn to either trust the world based on constant love and caregiving. If an infant misses this it develops a suspicious view due to neglect or inconsistency in caregiving.  Successful navigation of this stage leads to the development of a sense of hope in the infant. Newborns use their sense of touch to bond with caregivers, they communicate needs though cry, and sounds like cooing, gurgling, babbling and explore the world by feeling shapes, textures, and temperatures. This sense is crucial for early development, helping them to learn about objects, develop body awareness which help them to regulate their emotions.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years)

Autonomy is the will to accomplish things independently and do things on our own. This developmental stage occurs during early childhood. If children are over protected or neglected the feeling of inadequacy and low self-esteem enters their personality. A successful outcome results in the child having a sense of self-control and self-worth.  Children naturally start holding things and walking with support between 9 and 18 months, a skill known as “cruising”. They usually begin to walk independently between 12 and 18 months, with many taking their first steps around 12 to 15 months. By 18 months, most toddlers are walking, and by 18 months, they can typically walk independently. This gives them the feeling of autonomy. Children seek independence and exploration through play, which helps them develop new skills and express emotions. They seek to do things by  themselves, learn through imitation, and are developing language, motor skills, and social understanding. This age is characterized by curiosity, a desire to be more self-sufficient, and growing communication abilities. When they are neglected by caregivers, they feel frustration and throw tantrums.

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

During this phase of the children’s life, they assert more control over their environment through play and social interactions, leading to a sense of purpose and initiative when encouraged. If their actions are too much criticized or controlled, they develop a sense of guilt complex, causing them to become hesitant and fearful of taking lead or command in their lives and future. This stage is called pre-school. During this stage of life children learn to assert themselves and take control over their world through play and social interactions. Successfully navigating this stage leads to a sense of initiative, confidence, and purpose. When children are overly criticized or controlled, it leads to self-doubt and hesitation in their future endeavours. 

7 years onwards, children learn to become independent, develop a sense of purpose by taking initiative, and build self-confidence through developing skills and a sense of competence. Successful navigation of these stages builds a strong foundation for a healthy personality and leads to virtues like will, purpose, and competence.

children who don’t receive adequate parental support often struggle to build confidence. This lack of support can manifest as conditional love, criticism, or overprotection, which teaches children that their worth is not inherent, or that they are incapable of handling challenges, leading to low self-esteem and anxiety. A foundation of warm, caring, and unconditionally loving parents helps children feel secure, enabling them to explore the world with a stronger sense of self-worth and resilience.

Lack of parental support impacts confidence of children in education. It can lead their behaviour and social skills. This lack of support can result from factors like parental time constraints, low self-efficacy regarding academic help, lower socioeconomic status, or language barriers with schools. It can create lower academic performance. It can also lead to school dropout. 

Love and appreciation are most important at this stage of child’s growth.  When a child doesn’t feel loved or constantly feels like a burden, it leads to shame and low self-esteem. Not being praised for efforts or unique qualities can discourage creativity and unique thinking. When parents tell their child they are not as good as a sibling or friend can make them feel inadequate. Constant mockery of their attempts can also make them afraid to try new things. It’s very dangerous. Parents don’t realise this. Consistent issues like perceived favouritism, inconsistent discipline, and insufficient guidance directly fuels sibling rivalry. When children don’t feel seen, valued, or secure in their parents’ love, they may compete for scarce parental attention and resources, leading to resentment and conflict.

In case of overprotection or constant shielding a child from all challenges or failures may seem helpful, but it can lead them to feel anxious when they encounter stressful situations later in life because they haven’t learned to cope. Even when parents micromanage or control every decision of child, it prevents a child from developing independence and the ability to make their own choices.

Conclusion

My own study and experience have taught me to those children who received unconditional love  develop a strong sense of self-worth. The feeling of security helps them to explore and take risks. Widespread psychological research confirms that an insecure or traumatic childhood has profound and lasting negative effects on an individual’s adulthood, often weakening their ability to form healthy relationships, manage emotions, and achieve their full potential even as adults. Callous parenting can manifest as low self-esteem, difficulty with intimacy and relationships, and increased risk for mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and substance abuse in adults. Children who internalize feelings of worthlessness from their experiences can develop a false self and a deep sense of emptiness.

Often, we see beautiful sky splashed with wonderful hues of colors. This is due to atmospheric phenomena like light sprinkling making it blue, pink, greenish, purple at sunrise and sunset. Clouds create diverse picture like patterns; celestial events like starry nights or auroras (natural lights display in sky) providing endless variations from deep blues and fiery sunsets to dramatic cloudscapes artistic depiction of clouds, often focusing on their shapes, textures, and dramatic formations, all enhancing our world’s visual appeal. When I see wonders in the sky, I thank God for the beauty He creates.

The sunrises and sunsets times of day often produce the most dramatic and colourful skies, with colors shifting from deep purple to vibrant orange, pink, and red as light passes through more of the atmosphere. On starry nights far from city light pollution, the night sky can be filled with countless twinkling stars and constellations, offering a breath-taking view of the galaxy that is rarely seen in urban areas.

Cloud formations create the interaction of light and clouds creating diverse aesthetic effects. Fluffy cumulus clouds add texture to a bright blue sky.

Pareidolia is a psychological phenomenon where the mind notices familiar patterns, like faces or animals, in random or vague visual stimuli, such as clouds, wood grain, or even space images, fundamentally “seeing” is meaning where there isn’t any. It’s a common human tendency rooted in our brain to find patterns and meaning, often involving seeing faces in non-face objects, and it can be a helpful survival instinct but also leads to seeing celestial bodies having features.

The key aspects of Pareidolia are: facial recognition because humans are hardwired to detect faces quickly, so our brains over-activate facial recognition areas for ambiguous patterns.  A broader term for perceiving connections in unrelated data; pareidolia is a visual type of this feeling.

In short, seeing beautiful images in clouds is a common psychological phenomenon called pareidolia. Our brain finds familiar patterns such as faces, animals, objects in random, vague visual data like clouds, rocks, or textures; it’s a natural way our minds create meaning from shapeless forms, often leading to spiritual or personal interpretations, and it’s a source of wonder and artistic inspiration. Our brain actively tries to make sense of the cloud’s form, imposing a familiar shape onto it, like seeing a dragon, a face, or a ship.

Pareidolia  is a subjective experience. What one person sees can be completely different from another’s perception, making cloud-gazing a personal and creative experience. Many people interpret cloud figures as divine signs, like angels or figures from religious texts. Clouds symbolize our feelings, with dramatic formations reflecting moods or offering a sense of peace or awe. Photographers and artists find inspiration in these fleeting natural formations, capturing their beauty and unique shapes.

“Doctor’s hand” is a nickname used by some astronomers for a cosmic object formally known as the “Hand of God”. This hand-shaped nebula is powered by the leftover, dense core of a star that exploded in a supernova explosion.

In conclusion, it is our brain being creative with cloud shapes, a delightful form of visual storytelling in the sky.

Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of internal mental processes; how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and learn. It emerged during the 1950s Cognitive Revolution, when psychologists began to challenge behaviourism, which focused only on observable behaviour. Instead, cognitive psychologists studied how the brain processes information, using experiments to understand mental functions such as memory, attention, perception, and problem-solving.

Findings from cognitive psychology help us understand how people think and how they acquire, store, and retrieve memories. By understanding these mental processes, psychologists can develop improved methods to assist individuals experiencing cognitive difficulties. Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of internal mental processes.

Why I choose to write about Sardar Patel’s Cognitive Psychology?

I admire Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s leadership it was not merely a result of political positioning but was rooted in a distinct cognitive framework characterized by pragmatic realism, high emotional intelligence, and unwavering determination. Often referred to as the “Iron Man of India,” his mental approach to crisis management and nation-building involved a unique ability to prioritize long-term stability over short-term sentiment. I therefore chose to write about Sardar Patel’s mental makeup. I have read a large secondary data about his leadership which was risen from grass root level.    

He demonstrated a distinctive cognitive style characterized by pragmatism, emotional control, and strategic thinking. His leadership during critical moments in India’s history such as the integration of over 500 princely states and the period following Partition between India-Pakisatn reflects strong cognitive functioning under pressure. Patel realized by 1946–47 that coexisting with the Muslim League within the same government was impossible. He feared continuous communal strife and that a weak central government would lead to the country’s complete collapse. Patel aimed to prevent a “civil war” and the disintegration  of India, arguing that holding onto the entire country would result in countless smaller, disunited regions.

Key Cognitive Features in Patel’s Leadership

Please find some key features of Sardar Patel’s leadership which can be seen in the 1930s, when a plague broke out in Borsad, Gujarat, Patel did not just manage from a distance. He camped in the affected area, established an office under a tree, and personally coordinated efforts recruiting volunteers, arranging hospital beds, and distributing food despite the high risk of infection.

Often known as the “Patron Saint” of India’s civil servants, Patel’s vision went beyond merely creating the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Police Service (IPS). He passionately defended civil servants from political attacks and firmly believed that an independent, strong bureaucracy was the “steel frame” necessary for a diverse nation to function.

Pragmatism and Realistic

Thinking: Patel’s cognitive framework focused on practical realities rather than theoretical ideals. He emphasized confronting facts directly and making decisions based on achievable outcomes rather than speculation. This reflects strong problem-solving ability and rational decision-making, core components of cognitive psychology. When Gujarati farmers struggled against middlemen to sell their milk, it was Patel who advised them to organize themselves. This guidance directly resulted in the creation of the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union Limited, which later became the world-renowned brand Amul.

While firm, Patel was not purely aggressive. In the case of Junagadh, despite public outcry against its accession to Pakistan, he used his “velvet glove” approach, avoiding direct military intervention and opting for a calm negotiation that led to a plebiscite.

When Pakistan invaded Kashmir in 1947, Patel immediately advocated for sending troops. He opposed bringing the issue to the United Nations, arguing that Pakistan was wrong, the accession was valid, and foreign interference should be avoided, warning Nehru against internationalizing a bilateral issue.

High Emotional Intelligence (EI)

Patel demonstrated strong self-awareness, emotional regulation, and social intelligence. He remained calm and composed during crises, even under intense political and social pressure. This relates to attention control, emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility, which allow individuals to maintain focus during stressful situations. He had a profound commitment to the upliftment of the downtrodden, rural, and poor population of India. His actions were characterized by a focus on “honesty and kindness” alongside his administrative strength.

Born into a humble farmer’s family, Patel dedicated his life to fighting against the oppression of peasants by the British authorities. Kheda Satyagraha (1918) – He organized peasants in Kheda, Gujarat, for non-violent disobedience against oppressive tax policies during a severe famine. Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) –  He led the farmers of Bardoli to victory against excessive tax increases, leading to the title ‘Sardar’ (leader) being bestowed upon him. He organized extensive relief work during floods and famines in Gujarat, providing food and clothes, and forcing the British government to provide relief funds.

Strategic Decision-Making

Patel’s decisions were goal-oriented and solution-focused. Post-independence when negotiating with rulers of princely states, he combined logic with persuasion, appealing both to reason and emotion. He was India’s first Home Minister, he strategically appealed to over 560 princely states to join the Indian Union in 1947 by emphasizing patriotism, national unity, and shared destiny. He blended diplomatic persuasion with practical incentives, offering rulers continued privileges (privy purses) while ensuring the security of the newly independent nation. He reminded rulers that their states were geographically and economically integrated with India, making isolation impractical. This reflects advanced executive functioning, including planning, evaluation, and long-term thinking.

Resilience and Crisis Leadership

Patel showed remarkable resilience during India’s independence movement and early nation-building years. He adapted quickly to changing political conditions. This demonstrates adaptive thinking and cognitive resilience, important traits in high-pressure environments. Although Salt Satyagraha (March 1930) was led by Mahatma Gandhi, Patel played a crucial organizational role in the success of the movement. Patel travelled across villages in Gujarat, preparing farmers and communities to participate in the civil disobedience movement. He helped identify strategic locations along the route of the march, ensuring widespread public support. Patel’s ability to mobilize thousands of people in Gujarat for non-violent civil disobedience was unparalleled. Before the Dandi March, Patel was arrested on March 7, 1930, while campaigning to encourage the people of Gujarat, proving his position as a major threat to British law. After his arrest, the Salt Satyagraha intensified.

Why Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Did Not Become India’s First Prime Minister

Patel was known for discipline, efficiency, and intolerance for incompetence. From his student days, he challenged inefficiency and demanded accountability. This relates to goal-directed behaviour, attention control, and organizational thinking. Although Patel had strong support within the Indian National Congress, he did not become India’s first Prime Minister primarily due to the influence of M.K Gandhi, who supported Jawaharlal Nehru. The first ever election during the Congress party’s presidential election in 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel were the key contenders. Nehru was elected president despite getting just 2 votes while Patel had got 28. Nehru was M.K. Gandhi’s Preference. Gandhi believed Nehru’s international outlook and charisma suited India’s future leadership. While many provincial committees supported Patel, but Gandhi saw Nehru as a national and international figure. Patel withdrew his candidature at Gandhi’s request to maintain unity within the party. He was a real nationalist.

Conclusion

From a cognitive psychology viewpoint, Patel’s leadership illustrates effective decision-making under uncertainty, strong memory and planning abilities, focused attention during crises, emotional regulation and resilience and goal-oriented problem-solving.  These characteristics align closely with modern concepts of executive functioning, strategic cognition, and adaptive leadership.

As a firm leader, Patel might have handled the Kashmir issue differently. Often centred on his pragmatic, firm, and decisive approach to national integration compared to Jawaharlal Nehru’s preference for international mediation. While Patel focused on military action and direct, quick negotiation, disagreements and differing priorities in late 1947 prevented a swift resolution. Patel maintained stricter internal security. Considered more pro-business than Nehru, it is believed he would have empowered the private sector earlier, fostering faster industrial growth.  Supporters often cite that his clearer nationalist focus and robust national security policies would have protected against threats and strengthened India faster.

I had the pleasure of teaching Mr. Noman Aziz Khan during his MMS – Masters of Management Studies (2010–2012 batch) at Anjuman-I-Islam’s Allana Institute of Management Studies, where I served as Professor and Director for a long tenure. Recently, during my visit to Babasaheb Ambedkar University in Lucknow, I had the opportunity to reconnect with him. When I informed Noman over the telephone about my visit, he organized a touching and unexpected commemoration in my honour. I was deeply overwhelmed by his warmth, humility, and affection.

Today, Mr. Noman Aziz Khan serves as Regional Director (Uttar Pradesh, Telangana & Delhi NCR) at LuLu Group International and plays a pivotal role in managing LuLu Mall Lucknow, one of India’s largest and most influential retail destinations.

I still vividly remember Noman from his student days. He was lively, cheerful, and playful, bringing positivity into every classroom he entered. Beneath his easy-going personality, however, lay a sharp academic mind, curiosity for learning, and excellent communication skills. He consistently participated in classroom discussions with enthusiasm and intellectual engagement. Even when assignments were challenging, he displayed effort, discipline, and consistency. Noman often emerged as the presenter in group activities because of his natural communication abilities and confidence. More importantly, he possessed emotional intelligence, teamwork, and interpersonal sensitivity — qualities that are difficult to teach but invaluable in leadership.

Seeing him today as a sincere, disciplined, and innovative retail leader fills me with immense pride. His journey reflects dedication, growth, perseverance, and the ability to transform potential into meaningful success.

LuLu Mall Lucknow spans approximately 2.2 million square feet and is situated on Amar Shaheed Path in Lucknow. Developed across nearly 45.9 acres, it has emerged as one of India’s largest shopping malls and North India’s premier organized retail destination. The mall houses more than 300 national and international brands, including major anchors such as Decathlon, Nykaa, PVR INOX, and the massive LuLu Hypermarket. It also features the Funtura indoor entertainment zone, advanced VR-enabled gaming spaces, multiplex cinemas, extensive food courts, and modern family-oriented leisure infrastructure. The mall is not merely a shopping centre; it is a symbol of Lucknow’s transition into a modern metropolitan city.

Having taught Retail Management for several semesters, I have always believed that successful retailers are distinguished not merely by commercial performance, but by human-centric leadership. Outstanding retailers demonstrate customer-centric thinking, strong communication abilities, product knowledge, ethical behaviour, adaptability to changing consumer trends, team-building capabilities, operational efficiency, calmness under pressure, and strategic thinking. I witnessed many of these qualities in Noman even during his student years.

During my recent visit to the mall, I observed him closely while he interacted with employees, monitored operations, and supervised customer engagement across various sections. His towering leadership presence was visible throughout the establishment. Yet, despite managing nearly 5,000 on-roll employees and over 3,000 off-roll staff members, he remained approachable, calm, and deeply connected with his workforce. Great retail leaders do not merely delegate tasks from offices; they remain visible on the sales floor, coach employees in real time, solve problems directly, and lead by example. Noman embodies this philosophy.

Interestingly, his professional journey began on the sales floor itself at LuLu. His rise through the ranks demonstrates the power of commitment, operational understanding, and leadership earned through experience rather than entitlement.

M. A. Yusuff Ali, Chairman and Managing Director of LuLu Group International, is globally recognized as a visionary retail entrepreneur and philanthropist. His leadership combines business acumen with humility and strong human values. It is evident that Mr. Yusuff Ali identified exceptional leadership potential in Noman Khan and handpicked him to lead the Lucknow operations. Visionary leaders possess the ability to recognize future leadership in others, and this appears to be one such example.

Under its leadership framework, the mall has introduced several operational and marketing innovations. LuLu has adopted aggressive digital branding and omnichannel promotional strategies targeting younger consumers. Through festive campaigns, social media engagement, online promotions, and collaborations with local cultural and devotional programs, the mall has created deep emotional integration with society.

The inclusion of Funtura entertainment zones, VR-enabled gaming, multiplexes, and extensive dining areas transformed the mall into an all-day family destination rather than merely a shopping venue. This experiential retail model has significantly enhanced customer engagement. The mall also introduced sophisticated multi-level parking systems and integrated traffic management connected to all floors — an important operational innovation for a rapidly expanding city like Lucknow.

The hypermarket brought global retail presentation formats into one integrated ecosystem, including imported food sections, modern bakery concepts, electronics zones, and fashion integration. The mall further adopted prefabricated construction methods to reduce environmental impact and later earned an IGBC Gold Rating for sustainability initiatives involving waste management, water conservation, energy efficiency, and reduced fossil fuel consumption.

Community discussions among Lucknow residents frequently mention the extensive product variety, aggressive discounts, efficient billing counters, and the convenience of obtaining everything “under one roof.” These factors have significantly strengthened customer loyalty and repeat footfall.

The impact of LuLu Mall Lucknow on the city extends far beyond retail. The mall has created thousands of direct and indirect employment opportunities across retail, hospitality, logistics, food services, maintenance, entertainment, and security sectors. Local youth have especially benefited from these opportunities.

Its establishment accelerated infrastructural development around Amar Shaheed Path and nearby townships. Improved roads, enhanced transport connectivity, parking infrastructure, and rising commercial activity transformed the surrounding urban landscape. Property prices and commercial rentals in adjoining areas witnessed significant appreciation following the mall’s development. The project stimulated further residential and commercial investment in the region.

Being one of India’s largest malls, it attracts visitors not only from Lucknow but also from neighbouring districts and states. This inflow benefits hotels, transport operators, restaurants, and local businesses. Apart from global brands, local suppliers, artisans, food vendors, and service providers have also benefited from the increased commercial activity generated by the mall.

The mall has also influenced lifestyle patterns, leisure activities, and social culture, particularly among the middle class and younger population. It introduced international retail standards, organized shopping culture, multiplex entertainment, and global consumer experiences, thereby strengthening Lucknow’s identity as an emerging metropolitan city. Indeed, LuLu Mall Lucknow represents a classic case study of how a hyper mall can contribute to city branding, urban modernization, and socio-economic transformation.

As a teacher, nothing brings greater satisfaction than witnessing the success of one’s students. I feel immensely proud of Mr. Noman Aziz Khan. His journey from a cheerful MMS student to a respected retail leader demonstrates how dedication, humility, discipline, and vision can shape extraordinary careers.

He possesses the inherent qualities required for enduring leadership — resilience, customer orientation, ethical grounding, communication excellence, and strategic thinking. With the right opportunities and continued perseverance, I firmly believe he has the potential to become one of the most respected names in Indian Retail history.

In Sweden, a pilot programme was led by a startup “Corvid Cleanig” corvid (type of crow from crow family) in 2022. Crows were enrolled to pick up cigarette butts from the streets of Södertälje (near Stockholm).  The corvids are often considered the most intelligent birds and are among the most intelligent animals in general.  For each cigarette filter a crow drops into a customised vending machine, the bird receives food in reward. The company says the birds are not trapped but participate voluntarily. The startup team and researchers drew conclusions on the corvid family’s well-documented intelligence and capacity for tool-use and problem-solving. “They are wild birds taking part on a voluntary basis,” says Christian Günther-Hanssen, the founder of Corvid Cleaning, the company behind the process.

Cigarette filters are a major part of urban litter in Sweden accounting for around 60 % of items in trash counts on roads, and the project aims to reduce municipal street-cleaning costs while engaging wildlife in a novel way. The initiative is still at pilot stage; questions remain over expandability and scalability. As a progressive nation, the bird welfare by ministry is also a point of strict adherence as cruelty against wildlife. The government of Sweden is also worried about human behaviour, whether this practice will shifts focus away from changing human behaviour. Data collected from Günther-Hanssen, C. and researchers  for using wild crows to collect cigarette butt waste in Sweden is published in Journal of Environmental Innovation.  

Cigarette butts are harmful items.  They have nicotine, tar, microplastics, and heavy metals inside of them. They are highly contaminated in nature. The environmentalists fear the consequences  during high rainfall and floods. The founder of the vending box says the crows are very intelligent they don’t eat the filters; they simply carry them in their purpose to get a peanut.

Conclusion

This is a wrong way of human beings asking another species to help us overcome our weaknesses. We are asking for help from the crows. We are the most ill-mannered species that can’t quit our habits and we cooly forget to throw the trash in dustbins. While smoking we forget to think about the consequences of it every step of the addiction. When we throw trash on roads, we forget what we leave behind as we continue to walk forward and into our own lives. But we are the species capable of building a machine that imagines partnerships across evolutionary boundaries. While humans do utilize animals for a variety of tasks such as agriculture, transport, and assistance roles, for medical inventions many people hold diverse views on these relationships. The extent to which animals are used varies widely across cultures and industries, and this practice has evolved significantly throughout history.  

Crows are called intelligent birds due to their advanced problem-solving, tool use, and impressive memory capabilities. They can recognize faces, plan, and exhibit complex social behaviours like cooperation and communication, which is why they are considered among the smartest animals on the planet. Crows have exceptional memories and can remember specific human faces for years after a single encounter. They can even hold grudges, sometimes passing down their negative reactions to people who have hurt them. Crows are so smart due to their dense neuron packing in their brains, which gives them high cognitive abilities despite not having a prefrontal cortex like humans. Crows score an average of 100 with a standard deviance of 15 points in IQ tests.

In our so-called modern societies, we hold many ethical discussions, movements, and laws dedicated to animal welfare, which focus on ensuring animals are treated compassionately.  The conversation around human-animal interactions is complex, spanning historical necessity, cultural practices, and contemporary ethics regarding awareness and animal rights

The wild birds carry out the task as they receive a little food for every butt that they deposit in a commissioned machine. The Keep Sweden Tidy Foundation says that more than 1bn cigarette butts are left on Sweden’s streets each year, representing 62% of all litter. Günther-Hanssen the founder of Corvid Cleaning estimates his method could save at least 75% of costs involved with picking up cigarette butts in the city. The use of animals in psychological research is a complex issue with arguments both for and against it.