Understanding and influencing human behavior is crucial for a variety of reasons, people with whom we work every day, deal on regular basis, for our personal growth and strong relationships for effective teamwork and societal progress. Good behavior fosters positive environments, builds trust, and contributes to a safer and more inclusive society. It also impacts mental and emotional well-being and can influence productivity and success in various aspects of life. 

Personality is fixed and it’s difficult to change, so it makes sense to focus our efforts at the point where changes can be made. Since behaviour is within our condition of control, affirmative feedback on behaviour offers a positive lead for personal development, showing where and how we can adapt to meet the needs of a particular situation or job role. Counselling largely helps to change our behaviour.

Behaviorism is a branch of psychology which primarily studies observable actions and responses, rather than internal mental processes like thoughts or feelings. It suggests that behaviors are learned through two main types of conditioning: classical conditioning which is associating stimuli with responses and modified conditioning  which is learning through consequences of behavior. I list here below few famous theories of behaviourism.

John B. Watson’s classical behaviourism

Watson’s theory focused on observable behavior as the primary subject of psychological study, rejecting introspection and mental processes. He believed that behavior is learned through conditioning and can be manipulated by environmental stimuli, emphasizing the role of external factors over internal ones. His experiment famously known as ‘the little Albert experiment’, conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920, aimed to demonstrate that fear could be conditioned in humans through classical conditioning. The experiment involved a nine-month-old baby, Albert, who was initially not afraid of a white rat. Researchers repeatedly paired the rat with a loud, startling noise, causing Albert to associate the rat with the noise and eventually fear the rat itself. The white rat was initially a neutral stimulus, meaning Albert didn’t have an innate fear of it. The loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus, which naturally caused fear in a way the unconditioned response in Albert. 

Watson argued that only behaviors that can be observed and measured objectively are valid in scientific psychology. He believed that behaviors are learned through conditioning, where provocations in the environment are paired with responses, leading to learned associations. Watson rejected the study of thoughts, feelings, and other internal mental processes, arguing that they are not directly observable and therefore not suitable for scientific study. Watson emphasized the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior, suggesting that individuals can be trained to exhibit specific behaviors through conditioning. 

B.F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory

Skinner’s behaviorism theory, also known as radical behaviorism, suggests that all behavior is learned through interactions with the environment, primarily through reinforcement and punishment. This theory emphasizes observable behaviors and argues that internal mental states like thoughts are not relevant for understanding behavior. Skinner’s work focused on challenging conditioning, where behaviors are modified by their consequences. It is built on the assumption that behaviour is influenced by its consequences. Reinforcement theory is the process of shaping behavior by controlling consequences of the behavior. Reinforcement theory proposes that you can change someone’s behaviour by using reinforcement, punishment, and elimination. I give here example of Abraham Lincoln who was the president of the United States in a pivotal moment during the Civil War. Although he was assassinated before completing his term as president, the relentless work ethic and unmatched communication skills that Abraham Lincoln showcased while healing the fractured country made him one of the greatest leaders in U.S. history.

Pavlov’s theory of Classical Conditioning

This is rooted in the idea that behavior is the result of conditioning. He believed that behavior is learned through the process of classical conditioning, where behavior is shaped through the association of stimuli in the environment. His discoveries provided a framework for understanding how behaviors are acquired. His experiments primarily involved dogs, but the principles he discovered have far-reaching implications for understanding human behaviour as well. Classical conditioning, the foundation of Pavlov’s theory, involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. In one of his famous experiments, Pavlov observed that dogs naturally salivated when presented with food, an unconditioned stimulus. However, through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, with the food, the dogs eventually began to associate the bell with the arrival of food. As a result, they started salivating at the sound of the bell alone, even in the absence of the food. This conditioned response demonstrated the formation of a new association between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Mental conditioning is a process which depends on experience, it takes efforts of training your mind to modify your thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs to accept thinking patterns.

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

This theory proposes that behaviourism develops through eight stages, each marked by a unique milestone, crisis or challenge that individuals must manage through. These crises involve a struggle between opposing forces, such as trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs inferiority , identity vs Role Confusion, intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation and Ego Integrity vs Despair. When individuals successfully resolve each crisis, it leads to the development of specific virtues and psychological strengths, while failure can result in difficulties in future stages Our early life experience is very important in terms of  how we grow as individuals.  Our identity evolves at various stages of life; how we perceive and present ourselves throughout our lives, as per our own sense of identity; we keep searching and understanding ‘who we are’. Understanding this process can lead people to question their ‘negative’ identity labelled by society. Half of life is spent in making big changes in the way we perceive ourselves.  Our personalities keep changing as we resolve crises in life; thus, each experience brings a change within us.

Thorndike’s theory of connectionism

This theory suggests that learning is the result of forming connections between stimuli and responses. This theory, developed by Edward Lee Thorndike, is a foundation of behaviorism, explaining learning as a “stamping in” or strengthening of S-R bonds. Thorndike’s work also established three key laws of learning: the Law of Readiness, the Law of Exercise, and the Law of Effect. Thorndike’s theory of connectionism, also known as stimulus-response (S-R) theory, suggests that learning involves forming connections or associations between stimuli and responses. These connections, or bonds, are strengthened by satisfying consequences and weakened by unsatisfying ones. Thorndike’s theory is based on his experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, where he observed that learning occurred through trial and error. The key aspects of Thorndike’s connectionism are i) learning occurs through the formation of connections between a stimulus – something that triggers a response and a response  which is a behavior or action. Ii) Learning is a process of trying different responses until the correct one is found and rewarded. Iii) Behaviors followed by satisfying moments are strengthened, while behaviors followed by annoying consequences are weakened. Iv) Frequent practice strengthens connections, while lack of practice weakens them.  V) When an individual is ready to act in a particular way, a response is likely to follow. 

Jerome Bruner’s theory of cognitive development

This theory states that children construct their own learning through organising, categorising and then coding information. He believed that the most effective way to do this is to discover information rather than being told it by a teacher. Jerome Bruner’s theory of cognitive development emphasizes that learning occurs through three modes of representation: enactive, iconic, and symbolic. These modes represent how individuals process and represent knowledge, changing with age with mental and physical development. Bruner believed that children could learn difficult concepts with appropriate instruction, and that learning is a continuous process, not a series of stages. They say children are mirror image of their parents and surrounding. Enactive mode, prevalent in early childhood around 0-3 years, involves learning through direct action and manipulation of objects. For example, a baby might learn about size by comparing different-sized colour crayons. The iconic mode starts around 3-7 years; children begin to use images and mental representations to represent experiences. They might use drawings or pictures to recall events or objects. From about 7 years onward, children develop the ability to use symbols, like language, to represent and organize information. They can understand and use abstract concepts without needing a real visual. Bruner believed that development is a continuous process, not a series of distinct stages. 

Conclusion

In simple terms, Sigmond Freud’s theory suggests that human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. This theory also proposes that the psyche comprises three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. The id is entirely unconscious, while the ego operates in the conscious mind. Behaviorism is primarily associated with the belief that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment. It focuses on observable actions, emphasizing the role of stimuli and responses, and rejects the study of internal mental processes. Key figures in behaviorism include John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. 

Psychology helps people in all walks of life because it can explain why people behave the way they do. With this kind of professional insight, a psychologist can help people improve their decision making, stress management and behavior based on understanding past behavior to better predict future behavior. The true purpose of psychology as studying the function of behavior in the world, emphasizing adaptive processes in individuals. Psychology is a branch of philosophy.  I am giving  writeup about few branches of psychology. 

Forensic Psychology

When psychologists apply forensic theory to a criminal investigation to understand psychological problems associated with criminal behaviour the term used is forensic psychology. The field has experienced dramatic growth in recent years as more and more psychology students are interested in this applied branch of psychology. Popular movies, television programs, and books have helped popularize the field, often depicting brilliant heroes who solve vicious crimes or track down killers using psychology.

In forensic psychology, punishment is the penalty imposed on a person who has committed a crime. The severity of the punishment is usually in line with the seriousness of the crime. The main goal of punishment is to deter the offender and others from committing similar crimes. 

Example of forensic psychology is Tandoor Murder Case (Naina Sahani) in 1995. The tandoor murder case shocked the nation. This case, where a woman was murdered and her body disposed of in a tandoor oven, is considered one of the first high-profile cases in India where forensic evidence played a crucial role in conviction. Naina Sahni’s murder remains one of the most sensational cases for the criminal and justice system. Discovering a burnt body of a woman chopped into pieces in a tandoor of a restaurant in Delhi indeed shook the country’s conscience to a completely new level. While no specific forensic psychologist is directly named as having solved the Tandoor murder case, T.D. Dogra, a forensic medicine expert, played a crucial role in the investigation by leading the second autopsy which revealed the true cause of death, a pistol injury. 

Forensic psychology encompasses evaluating competency to stand trial, making sentencing recommendations, offering expert testimony, performing child custody evaluations, participating in jury selection, and providing psychotherapy to criminal offenders.

Sports Psychology

Studies the psychological factors that influence athletic performance, including motivation, anxiety, and stress management. Sports psychology is a branch of applied psychology, it uses psychological principles to study and improve athletic performance and well-being, encompassing areas like motivation, anxiety management, and goal setting. Coleman Roberts Griffith is known as “Father” of sports psychology.

Depending on a sports psychologist’s unique specialization, their key aim is generally twofold: They help athletes achieve greater sports performance and recover from injuries with evidence-based psychological techniques. They help their clients reduce mental or emotional suffering through physical therapies. Tennis player Leander Paes has been working with a US-based sports psychologist, Dr. Jim Loehr, since the 1990s, Paes   highlights the long-term benefits of sports psychology. Shooter,  Abhinav Bindra has been counselled by  sports psychologist Amit Bhattacharjee, with whom he trained for five years. Virat Kohli has spoken about the positive impact of working with Paddy Upton, a former mental conditioning coach for the Indian national team, who helped him regain his perspective during the 2022 T20 World Cup. 

Educational Psychology

Explores the psychological principles of learning and teaching, with applications to curriculum development, classroom management, and student support.  Educational psychology, a field that studies human behaviour within educational contexts, encompasses understanding learning processes, classroom environments, student development, and effective teaching methods, ultimately aiming to improve educational outcomes.  Narendra Nath Sen Gupta is widely recognized as the founder of modern education psychology in India, having established the first independent Department of Psychology at the University of Calcutta. Dipti Yadav is an honourable psychologist and career counsellor who promotes holistic well-being. She can diligently lead groups and individuals in educational arena.

Howard Gardner is an American developmental psychologist and the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at Harvard University. He  is a developmental psychologist who has penned numerous research papers and books, many of which involve his Multiple Intelligences Theory. This theory states that information process occurs in a variety of different ways. According to Gardner, there are eight primary intelligences: linguistic, logic/mathematical, musical, bodily/kinaesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. There are also two additional intelligences that may be added to that list, which are pedagogical and existential.

Cultural Psychology

Examine how culture influences thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, contributing to a globalized understanding of human behavior. Cultural psychology is the study of how people are shaped by their cultures, focusing on the interplay between the mind and culture. They draw from various social science disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology.  This field is more than simply examining traditions or language; it is also the exploration of what drives human behavior, the attitudes, ideas, and actions of different cultures. Culture plays a major role in our lives and in global economy. I am referring to corporate culture in below given passages.

Cultural psychologists investigate how cultural norms, values, beliefs, and practices influence various aspects of human psychology, including cognition, emotions, social interactions, and development. They examine similarities and differences in psychological phenomena across different cultures, seeking to understand how cultural contexts shape human behavior. Cultural psychologists contribute to the development of psychological theories and practices that are culturally sensitive and relevant to diverse populations. By studying cultural differences, they aim to foster greater understanding and tolerance among people for cross cultural understanding and removing biases.

An example, in organizations  we see a common bias during hiring. It is that the hiring panel favors male candidates over female candidates even though they have similar skills and job experience. Another well-known example is the gender pay gap. As of 2021, the average median salary for men is about 18% higher than women’s. Ageism refers to stereotyping or discriminating against others based on their age, often happening to older team members. 

Organizations refuse to hire people over or under a certain age. asking for someone’s age at a job interview when it is not relevant to the work and enacting policies that unfairly privilege one age group over another. viewing older people as out of touch, less productive, or stuck in their ways.

Virtual Reality and Psychology

This area studies how virtual reality can be used for therapy, training, or research, including exploring VR applications in the treatment of phobias, stress, and other mental health conditions. Virtual reality (VR) offers psychologists a powerful tool for studying human cognition and behavior in highly controlled, immersive environments, with applications ranging from social and cognitive research to clinical interventions, like exposure therapy for phobias. 

For example. patients suffering from the agony of burn injuries find relief in immersing themselves in SnowWorld, a simple virtual reality game where they throw snowballs at penguins and snowmen. It distracts them so much from their real life that they sometimes even forget about their pain. Psychologists started using VR decades ago to treat phobias, such as the fear of riding trains and planes, and it is now being used for a range of mental health issues. “The potential is that VR treatment can be faster, more powerful, and have a greater appeal for patients than traditional mental health approaches,” says Daniel Freeman, founder and director of the University of Oxford VR lab for mental health disorders. However, the benefits often remain to be proven in clinical trials. Psychologists started using VR decades ago to treat phobias, such as the fear of riding trains and planes, and it is now being used for a range of mental health issues.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Psychology

As AI has been more integrated into our lives, psychologists are researching how AI can be used in therapy, diagnosis, and research, and the ethical implications of AI in mental healthcare. Recently development in AI presents countless opportunities and challenges to psychology in world. AI provides psychologists the opportunity to analyse vast amounts of data efficiently. In the context of education, AI can be a helpful support for code and essay writing, assignments, tests, and background summaries in mere seconds. It also allows for harnessing massive search power. AI is relevant to the practice of psychology insofar as it will become increasingly implicated in the daily lives of professional psychologists and in the health/functioning of the clients and patients whom they serve.

AI is transforming psychology, offering tools for accessible therapy, research, and training, including AI chatbots for initial support, AI-powered interventions, and machine learning for data analysis. Few examples follow elaborate AI’s contribution to psychology.

Wysa: An AI-powered chatbot that provides mental health support and guidance. 

Talkspace: A platform that uses AI to match users with therapists and provide virtual therapy sessions. 

7Cups: A platform that uses AI to provide support and guidance to users who are struggling with mental health issues. 

In psychology and sociology, masking is the process in which an individual disguises his/her natural personality or behavior to conform to social pressures, to fight any harm or agitation.

Personality is any person’s collection of unified behavioral pattern, cognitive and emotional threshold, how the person adjusts to life, unique personality traits such as adaptability, mindful or arrogant, dishonest etc. The character traits are interrelated patterns which comprises of human personality. The traits can change over long periods of time. Personality comprises of moods, attitudes, opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people. It includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person from another. Personality is a base to our relationship with the society.

Some people mask their original personality, which can be described as hiding one’s emotion by portraying another emotion, most often, people conceal negative emotions with positive emotions. Masking is to behave in certain ways that would help one hide or curb their emotions that are not approved by those around them. In the context of mental health, masking refers to underplaying or overplaying of behavior; it also refers to coping mechanism of an individual. It can be hiding their true thoughts, feelings, or difficulties related to their circumstances or mental health. It involves presenting oneself in a way that conforms to societal expectations or norms, even if it undermines what one is truly experiencing internally.

People engaged in masking for fear of stigma, judgment, rejection, or a desire to maintain a sense of normalcy. Masking can occur in different forms and involves suppressing emotions. It is important to admit that masking is not a healthy or sustainable strategy. Open communication, seeking professional help, and cultivating a supportive network of understanding individuals can be more beneficial in promoting mental well-being. 

How can you tell if someone is masking? Usually criminals change their body language, tone of voice, or facial expressions around specific people or in certain situations. They make less eye contact. Identifying whether someone is masking their true emotions or mental health can be challenging at times.  I quote here Rahul Gandhi – Congress Vice President and the leader of opposition in Loksabha who is caught in his masking games several times. Facing flak on social media, and from Gujarat BJP leaders, after news emerged that Rahul Gandhi’s name was entered in a register meant for “non-Hindu” visitors at Gujarat’s Somnath temple, the Congress spokesman has said the party vice-president is a Hindu who wears the sacred thread and dismissed reports on the entry in contention as “fraud’’ and a “conspiracy”.

Gandhi, the leader of opposition in the Lok Sabha, took a swipe at the ruling BJP in the House on Monday, saying those who call themselves Hindus are engaged in “violence” and “hatred” round the clock. Goa CM demanded apology after Rahul’s dig at BJP calling them ‘not Hindus’

In another incident as Congress leader Rahul Gandhi was leaving after his first speech in Parliament after being reinstated as an MP, he blew a kiss to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MPs. Calling Rahul’s behaviour inappropriate, women MPs from BJP filed a complaint with Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla. Rahul Gandhi’s behaviour is termed as many psychologists and psychiatrists that he is facing Identity Crisis, and he is Genetically or Compulsive liar and born as a crooked person and he carried a masked behaviour.  

Even Mahatma Gandhi had a masked personality. He was self-centred, and biggest hypocrite.  In his whole life Gandhi kept on shouting that, he supports ahimsa. However, at the time of the Second World War, he himself sent the Indian army to fight from England’s side. Gandhi was awarded the highest civilian award Kaiser-I-Hind (The British Ratna) for his loyalty towards the British Raj by providing Punjab regiment soldiers for World War II.  Gandhi never opposed or would never get involved in any disagreement with wealthy people like Birla, Bajaj, Tata, Wadia etc. Also, he took care not to offend Nehru who knew very well that M.K.Gandhi was a British plant (British supporter). Sarojini Naidu’s, statement says it all, “It costs a lot to keep Bapu in poverty”, confirming that money was spent to build a false favourable image of Gandhi among the Indian public. Well, Gandhi was a fully masked personality. M.K.Gandhi’s personality is an example of inconsistent emotions. The person consistently displays emotions that seem contrasting with reality and circumstances. He may have appeared compassionate, overly cheerful, positive, or composed, but was a biggest hypocrite. He cheated deadly even when facing challenging situations. There was a noticeable difference in his public and private life behaviour. On many occasions he let his guard down and show his slimy side, his greed, his lust which he couldn’t disguise.

Masking refers to an individual’s ability of hiding his identity intentionally. It often occurs unconsciously over time as an individual receives negative feedback for his true behavioural presentation. Masking also is referred to as camouflaging. Social masking is most common. It refers to when someone engages in social behaviors that do not come naturally to them, such as complimenting people unnecessarily, overfriendly behaviour, showing off false status/wealth etc.

When people mask their behaviour, consciously they change their body language, tone of voice, or facial expressions around specific people or in certain situations. Perhaps they try to force themselves to make eye contact depending on the person. Insecurities could make someone avoid eye contact. A common sign of lying is minimal eye contact. If someone’s being deceptive, they may unintentionally avert their gaze. 

Empathy and sympathy are two terms that are often used interchangeably. But only one of them allows people to connect deeper than surface level that is empathy. According to the American Psychology Association Dictionary of Psychology, the definitions of sympathy and empathy are as follows:

When we sympathize with someone’s unfortunate situation, we feel bad for them. We have thoughts and feelings about what they are going through but we don’t have a deep understanding of how they are feeling. Empathizing with someone’s circumstances means we are taking the time, effort, and mental space to fully appreciate and understand how they feel. Empathy is a regularly used, but poorly understood, concept. It is confused with related words such as sympathy, pity, mercy, understanding etc. In older times, in my individual childhood and youth it was common practice, we younger people would pay respect to older people and kids, if a neighbour or known person required help, we would rush to help. Wishing pleasantries was common etiquette then. These small deeds kept a community unified and safe. We were more empathetic. Somehow, I cannot use words just to sympathise with somebody. I hate lip sympathy which is expressed in words but that is not shown in actions.

The term “attention seeker” is often used to refer to someone who constantly wants and actively seeks sympathy from others. This behaviour can be evidently seen in various ways, such as constantly sharing personal problems, amplifying difficulties, or using emotional manipulation to gain sympathy. And we see drama of some people who sympathise for the sake of lip sympathy.

When we practice empathy, we dive into the depth of other’s emotions and imagine ourselves in their situation. It is not about how we feel about their experience but rather we are putting ourselves in their shoes, imagining going through what they’re going through and feeling their emotions.

Empathy is shown in how much compassion and understanding we can give to another. Sympathy is more of a feeling of pity for another. Empathy is our ability to understand how someone feels while sympathy is our relief in not having the same problems. Expressing sympathy can seem like saying, ‘I am sorry for you,’ ‘I wish I could do something for you,’ ‘God’s not ben fair with you’ etc…etc.  But expressing empathy feels more like, I understand what you are going through, I want to help you, tell me what can I do for you?

Although both words are used in situations that involve emotions, they cannot be used interchangeably as they have different meanings. The main difference between sympathy and empathy is how we express and experience our emotions toward someone’s situation. 

For instance, if your friend tells you that their dog recently passed away, you sympathize by saying “I’m sorry for your loss.” But if you empathize, you will imagine yourself losing a beloved pet and feeling the grief and loss that come with that experience.

Uninvited Advice vs. Active Listening: When people empathise, they listen carefully, they understand the problem and try to plug it. Sympathizing does not involve feeling emotions; therefore, when we hear about someone’s problem, we immediately feel the urge to fix it because we pity them. We start giving unsolicited advice, without going in depth of someone’s problem. It is easier to advise or give solution rather than validate someone’s experiences. While empathising, we connect deeply to other’s experience. We ask questions to understand, we practice active listening, read their facial expressions and body language and behave sensitively to their needs.

According to Edith Stein, a German phenomenologist (who studies phenomena), empathy can be facilitated. It also can be interrupted and blocked, but it cannot be forced to occur. Why is empathy so unique? According to Stein, empathy happens to us; it is indirectly given to us, it is elemental. When empathy occurs, we find ourselves experiencing it, but we cannot directly cause it to happen to us. This is the characteristic that makes the act of empathy exceptional and therefore it cannot be taught. Instead, promoting attitudes and behaviours such as self-awareness, tolerant, positively regard others, good listening skills, and self-confidence are suggested as important in the development of empathetic attitude. A lot of willingness is required in a person to develop empathetic approach.

The world today needs empaths, but only 1 to 2 percent of the population can feel and absorb the emotions surrounding them.  An empath is like a sponge that absorbs the people’s problems and takes them as his or her own. Empaths have a higher sensitivity to certain people, places, or sounds. Empaths try to help others wholeheartedly. 

In 1880, Henry Faulds, a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital, published his first paper on the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposed a method to record them with printing ink. That’s because our fingerprints are unique. That means that no one else in the world has the exact same set of ridges and lines that you have on your fingers. Not even identical twins have the same fingerprints. Our fingerprints stay the same from the time we are born until death. Study of fingerprints as methods of identification is also known as Dactylography or Dactyloscopy, and at present it is also known as Henry-Galton system of identification. Dactylography is the process of taking the impressions of papillary ridges of the fingertips for the purpose of identification of a person.

There are three basic fingerprint patterns: the arch, the loop, and the whorl. These patterns are defined by structures known as cores and deltas. The Arch shape on finger suggests analytical, practical, and cautious personality- one who has traditional values and do not like change. The Loop shape on finger suggests people with average ability, pleasant and balanced in temper and demeanour. They have strong opinions and respect others. They are happy to go with flow and are generally content in life.  People with whorl fingerprints are extremely independent and have a dominant personality trait. The whorl normally indicates a high level of intelligence and a strong-willed personality.

The most common of these prints are loops which make up about 60% of the population, whorls make up about 35%, and the least common are arches, which make up about 5%. The rarest of those is the settled arch. Henry Faulds (1843-1930) in 1880 proposed using ink for fingerprint determination and people identification, and Francis Galton (1822-1911) collected 8000 fingerprints and developed their classification based on the spirals, loops, and arches. Henry Faulds learned that the extra cells cause the skin to buckle and fold into ridges. The finer details of the patterns of skin ridges get influenced by factors such as fatal development, including substances taken during pregnancy and the environment inside the womb. These developmental factors cause each person’s dermatoglyphics to be different from everyone else’s.

Fingerprint evidence can play a crucial role in criminal investigations as it can confirm or disprove a person’s identity.

Everyone’s skin grows in a slightly different environment. That is why it is so unlikely anyone has the same fingerprints as you: it is about a 1 in 64 billion chance. Koalas and chimpanzees have unique fingerprints, too. Like humans, their hands and feet are covered in friction ridges.

The National Forensic Science Technology Centre states that “no two people have ever been found to have the same fingerprints including identical twins.” Another fact is that fingerprints also vary between our own fingers which means we have a unique print on each finger.

Unique fingerprints are formed seven months after conception. Although the size of each finger will continue to grow from pre-birth to childhood to adulthood, the relative position of ridges with their loops, deltas and arches which will remain the same. A perfect fingerprint will yield 175 to 180 points of information.

Interesting part is studying the relationship between dermatoglyphics, and Myers-Briggs personality types helps people make informed job decisions by revealing how well-suited they may be for a given field. Our brain has 10 parts which have different functionality and are associated with different multiple intelligence as per theory of Multiple Intelligence by Dr. Howard Gardner. 

Intelligence is often defined as our intellectual potential; something we are born with, something that can be measured, and a capacity that is difficult to change. Fingerprint formation and formation of brain are synchronized in the foetus growing in the mother’s body in first 13 to 19 weeks.

Multiple Intelligence (MI) is one of the significant components of DMIT (Dermatoglyphics Multiple Intelligence Test) and the assessment cannot be completed without examining MI. The crux of Multiple Intelligence is to figure out the specific intellectual intelligence level that everyone possesses. It helps educators understand their students better and prepare teaching approaches that students can pick effortlessly and ultimately provide exceptional results. Conventional perception says that there’s a direct connection between our IQ and our ability to succeed in life. But there have been many studies that show IQ only accounts for about 20% of success, the other 80% is determined by our emotional intelligence and social intelligence.

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Visual-Spatial

These people think in terms of physical space. They are aware of their environments. They like to draw, do jigsaw puzzles, read maps, and they daydream a lot. 

Kinaesthetic

They use the body effectively, like a dancer or a surgeon. These people have keen sense of body awareness. They like movement, making things, they are sensitive to touch. 

Musical

These people show sensitivity to rhythm and sound. They love music and are sensitive to sounds in their environments. They may study better with music in the background. They can be taught by escalation lessons into lyrics, speaking rhythmically, and tapping out at times.

Interpersonal

They are good at understanding and interacting with others. These people learn through interaction. They have many friends; they have empathy for others, they are often street smarts.

Linguistic

They use words effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and often think in words. They like reading, playing word games, making poetry or stories.

Logical/Mathematical

These students are good at reasoning, calculating, conceptualizing, abstracting patterns, and relationship among them is a play for these people. They like to experiment, solve puzzles, and ask cosmic questions. 

Intrapersonal

These people understand their personal interests and goals. These learners tend to shy away from others. They’re in tune with their feelings; they have wisdom, intuition, and motivation, as well as a strong will, confidence, and opinions.

Naturalistic

This is the most recent addition to Gardner’s theory and has been met with more resistance than his original seven intelligences. According to Gardner, naturalistic individuals are high in understanding subtle changes in environment.

One study showed which is conducted by a Western University that the highest occurrence for the loop fingerprint was found among people with intrapersonal and musical intelligence; the highest occurrence for whorl was found among students with spatial and kinaesthetic intelligence; and the highest occurrence of arch is found among students with naturalistic and linguistic intelligence.

According to DMIT (Dermatoglyphics Multiple Intelligence Test) industry wisdom, a Taiwanese researcher named Chem Yimou combined dermatoglyphics with the multiple intelligences theory of Harvard University psychologist Howard Gardner in the 1980s, claiming fingerprints could also provide insights into personality type. Over the following years, Chen’s work gradually evolved into the DMIT test being used today. By the 1990s, the Taiwanese firms began expanding into the Chinese mainland in 2005, sensing a huge market opportunity. Dermatoglyphics is certainly on rise.

As a human, we build so many relations in our life. The base of all relationships is trust. To trust means to bank on another person because you feel safe with him/her and have confidence that they will not hurt or mess up with you. Trust is the foundation of relationships because it allows you to be vulnerable and open to the person without having to defensively protect yourself. We build relationships with our teachers, our colleagues, doctors, lawyers, chartered accountants, spouse, siblings, children, parents, in-laws, neighbours, vendors, domestics, and other service providers. 

But we see many people around us those who have trust issues. It is difficult to build relations with such people. It can be your boss, partner, children, or anyone else. Trust issues are often connected with negative experiences in the past. Someone who is let down or betrayed by people whom he trusted or someone who had a troubled childhood. It could be his friend, partner, parent, or other trusted figure or institution. The previous experience interferes this person’s ability to believe others.

Many talented and intelligent people’s flair and capacity is wasted because of distrust. One biggest example is of Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar former Minister of Law & Justice of India. On 10^th October 1951 Dr. Ambedkar through his speech in Parliament exposed point by point, the real reason for his resignation as India’s Law Minister. It is a highly informative and well interpreted speech which strips Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s mask as a democrat who believed in debate and disagreement. Dr. Ambedkar clinically exposes Nehru as a liar and a habitual breaker of his word, a Prime Minister with zero integrity, ability, and competence but one who was endowed with extraordinary manipulative skills and was skilful backstabber of his own colleagues and friends. After reading this, one would be left with no doubt that Nehru was a Machiavellian like Stalin and Lenin.

Nehru had difficulty trusting others including his relatives which perhaps stemmed from a fear and insecurity and loneliness in his childhood. His two sisters were much younger than Jawaharlal Nehru. And so, he grew up and spent his early year as a lonely child with no companion for his age. M.K.Gandhi supported Nehru in spite of Nehru not being elected unanimously as PM.

Chronic distrust can come from a traumatic incident, an unloving childhood, or experienced betrayal in other relationships. Overcoming trust challenges often involves understanding where these feelings come from. It’s a mental problem that can be corrected by mental health professionals.

The 84-year-old Vijaypath Singhania transformed a small textile business since 1944, into a household name in India, and the Raymond Group today claims to be the world’s biggest producer of high-quality worsted wool suits. For keeping his billion-dollar textile empire in the family, he gifted his 37% equity control of the Raymond Group to his son Gautam Singhania. But their relationship fell apart dramatically.  Gautam threw out Vijaypath from his palatial home. Mr Vijaypat now bitterly regrets his decision, which he claims was made because of emotional weakness as father. The incident shows a ruthless and cruel Gautam Singhania who has trust issues.

Trust and law

The best relationship between people is an ethical challenge at the heart of legal practice. How much can we trust each other? How much law do we need? Do unnecessary legal rules replace trust to the damage of a truly civil society? Does increasing legalization help turning every problem, no matter what it is to the court? Has law damaged the fabric of our community? In the case of Singhanias legal battle between the father and son is misapply of law. When a relationship lacks trust, it allows for the potential development of harmful thoughts, actions, or emotions, such as negative attributions, suspicion, and jealousy. Law is not based upon trust, love, belonging. It worsens relationships.

In a hierarchy, it is natural for people with less power to be extremely cautious about disclosing weaknesses, mistakes, and failings especially when the more powerful party is also able to evaluate and punish. Trust flees authority, and, above all, trust flees a judge. Managers are inescapably positioned to judge subordinates. Good managers may be able to confine evaluation to formal occasions, to avoid all trace of judgmental style in other settings, even to communicate criticism in a positive, constructive way. It takes guts to be a “Good” manager.

It can be difficult for love to persist long without trust. It is difficult because one of our most fundamental needs for survival is trust. Without trust, we don’t know who the other person is anymore. The moment trust vanishes, siblings can’t remain siblings; parents and children loose love; friends don’t remain friends. People often just don’t leave relationships if they are attached by trust or invested in them.

We all must have known people who can recall details, dates, every major event in history, political science, science, day to day life in their lives. These people can describe a scene as though driven by a photograph. Such people seem to have mastered their minds and memories. They usually are skilled storytellers. I have seen just a few elderly people who recognize their colleagues, peers, assistants instantaneously when they meet them after decades.

There is a tendency to overdo and reconstruct memories to make them more interesting and thus easier to recall. Despite frequent rehearsal, some people have better memories simply because they encode more information in the first place. Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today, or what we plan to do tomorrow.  Without memory, we could not learn anything.

There are moments when your memory fails you pitifully. In a meeting, you try to recall somebody’s name, a date, a reference and you don’t remember there on the spur of moment.  Moments like these may lead you to believe that you have a “bad” memory, or are already showing signs of aging and memory loss. However, the human brain is an incredibly complex and mysterious machine, and our powers of memory are some of the most enigmatic elements within it.

How Do We Form Memories?

Before we can understand what makes a memory “good” or “bad” or “ugly”, we should understand how memories are formed in the first place. Due to the incredible amount of information that we take in every day, an efficient system is required for us to exist, form memories, think logically, make connections, and a thousand other things we do naturally take for granted. The process of memory formation is therefore broken down into three steps: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.

Encoding

Encoding occurs when we take in sensory input and change it into a form that the brain can handle; these three types of encoding are visual, auditory, and semantic (meaning in language). For example, if you attend a meeting and like someone presenting a point very well, you will encode the memory as auditory. You see an old friend of yours in a crowded market after ages, immediately few memories gush within you, you run towards him and hug him this visual encoding. While walking in the market you listen to a much-liked song by you in the past of Lata Mangeshkar, you just stop to listen to it, listening to the song you feel very delighted this is an acoustic encoding(auditory).

These encoded pieces of information are then moved to your short-term memory (STM), where they can last for 0-30 seconds unless they are rehearsed or consolidated into long-term memory. Memory association is dependent on the passage of time; the longer you actively hold a piece of short-term memory, the more resistant it becomes to competing stimuli or other factors that can simply wipe your slate clean. When encoded memories are stored in the short-term memory, those memories can only be placed in 5-9 “slots”. However, memory can also be “chunked”, a way of bypassing this low limit for the amount of “things” we can remember at any one time.

Storage

If information is deemed “important” or “meaningful”, then it will be shifted into our long-term memory. Repetition and rehearsal are critical at this stage; the more you interact about an incident with others, the better chance it will have of entering the long-term memory.

Long-term memories last for a much longer time as compared to short-term memories and have unlimited storage capacity. Long-term memories are encoded in three ways. The capacity of long-term memory depends on the way it is encoded and the number of times it has been assessed or recalled. Psychologists brand long-term memories as recent and remote. It’s surprising to know that babies enjoy a dramatic increase in their ability to remember people and things between 8 and 12 months of age. That’s really astonishing.

We retain different types of memories for different lengths of time. Short-term memories last seconds to hours, while long-term memories last for years. We also have a working memory, which lets us keep something in our minds for a limited time by repeating it. Whenever you tell a phone number to yourself over and over to remember it, you’re using your working memory.

Retrieval

Recovery of memories is the final aspect and is often the hardest one to explain. Depending on how the information is organized, either naturally or intentionally, it may be easy or quite difficult to retrieve. Long-term memory is best triggered through association, such as hearing a lovely song from long ago that takes you back to a crystal-clear memory of events the song is associated within your life.  

Why Do We Forget?

There are four main causes behind our “forgetting”, which leads so many people to doubt themselves and surrender to having a “problem with memory” for the rest of their life. Particularly for short-term memories, if the information is not regularly rehearsed or returned to, the memory fades, never having made it to our long-term memory. Some information that we take in, even repeatedly, isn’t stored because it isn’t essential to the memory or meaning itself. For example, a road because of cleanliness on and beautiful trees planted on both sides of it, you might even remember a bakery in central of the road, but you might not remember the turn you need to take to reach a particular office on that road. That part of the information was less relevant and thus didn’t make it to long-term memory. Our memories need to be distinct in order to remain clear and neatly organized. When similar memories, places, faces, names, and experiences are all stored together, it can be difficult to separate them into distinctly different packets. For example, for a professor, remembering the names of roll numbers of students of one batch becomes difficult.  Similarly, detailed events of one family reunion over another, when they were held at the same place with the same family members, would be more difficult than if the reunions were held in a different location each year.

Motivated Forgetting

Some things that we experience are either consciously or unconsciously forgotten, particularly if they are painful or traumatic. While these events may make their way into our long-term memory, through the acts of conscious suppression we are able to baffle or fully “forget” these memories. There are ways to access these memories, such as hypnosis, but the concepts of suppression remain controversial in the psychological field.

Genetic advantage

Some of the processes of remembering are within our control, and some are not. Similarly, there are some natural factors that can lead to a person possessing a stronger memory, as well as some nurturing elements of our cognitive development, training, childhood upbringing, and attention faculties that can help to boost our memory, even later in life. We see many individuals predisposed to having an incredible memory. The concept of having a “photographic” memory has been widely studied, and it is found that some people do have amazing powers of recall over events that emerged years or decades earlier. I have seen some young men remembering flight numbers, hotel room numbers, names of the chefs and waiters in the hotel, teachers’ names from kindergarten class… In one large-scale study, it was found that people with such heightened episodic memory (a condition termed “highly superior autobiographical memory” or HSAM), do have enlarged areas in the temporal and parietal lobes, both of which are linked to memory storage and retrieval. This gives such people an increased organizational capacity; in the same way, some people are able to memorize thousands of digits of pi in a matter of hours.

Generally speaking, studies have found that certain genes affect the density of dopamine receptors in the brain; dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps us to recall episodic memories from the past. In the study, those with certain gene activations enjoyed a higher density of dopamine receptors in the hippocampus, and also had stronger powers of recall as they aged.

Colour psychology refers to the usage of four base colours according to the European colour system. In addition to black and white as the neutral colours, the base colours also include the chromatic colours red, yellow, green, and blue. Red stimulates and increases appetite. Orange improves mood and possible thyroid function. Yellow increases concentration and possibly treats arthritis. Green is a calming color and promotes healthy metabolism. Everyone carries a colour or two splendidly.

Colors influence our emotions, mood, and behavior. It has been scientifically proved that different colors have psychological and physiological effects on people. Therefore, selecting the right colors in our house, office, school, playground, movie theatre, hospital environments have a significant impact on the experience of people. In a hospital setting the choice of colors can influence patients’ perception of their experience and their overall well-being. For example, some specific colors that can affect patients’ mental and emotional health.

Sky and ocean are blue colour. Technically, the short wavelengths that scatter across the sky relate to the colours blue and violet, making the real colour of the sky a bluish purple. However, the cone cells in our eyes which are photoreceptor cells that are in the retina of the eye which are responsible for color vision as well as eye color sensitivity that detect colour aren’t very sensitive to violet, so we see the sky as blue. Colors are the smiles of nature. 

Color is a powerful communication tool and can be used to signal action, influence mood, and even influence physiological reactions. Certain colors have been associated with physiological changes, including increased blood pressure, increased metabolism, and eyestrain.

Smokers and people with diabetes or heart disease have fewer blood vessels in their skin, and so skin would appear less rosy. The preference for more golden or ‘yellow-toned’ skin as healthier might be explained by the ‘carotenoid pigments’ that we get from the fruit and vegetables in our diet.

Do you know that subconsciously, colour affects all our senses and colours have an important effect on our appetite and the food we choose – they can make us feel hungry, sad, happy, relaxed, or energetic. 

Red fruits have several features: cherries are purifying and detoxifying, while the vitamin C contained in strawberries contributes to the normal function of the immune system. Red oranges are also part of this group. They help our body absorb the iron contained in the food we eat. Pomegranates, on the other hand, have strong natural antibacterial power. The watermelon not only a fresh summer fruit, but also a powerful fruit against tiredness thanks to its mineral salts. 

Psychologist Andrew J. Elliot tested to see if the color of a person’s clothing could make them appear more sexually appealing. He found heterosexual men and women dressed in red were significantly more likely to attract romantic attention than women dressed in any other color.

Among red vegetables we find tomatoes, helpful to keep the cholesterol on a low level, radishes that depurate and calm us, and red onions with antioxidant and diuretic functions. Red beet and chili pepper are respectively antioxidant and stimulate our metabolism. When eaten raw, tomatoes and peppers also contain vitamin C that contributes to the normal function of bones, cartilage, gums, skin, teeth, and immune system.

Yellow fruits and vegetables consist of apricots, whose vitamin A takes care of the growth of our bones, tangerines, rich in fibre and particularly helpful for the wellbeing of the bowel, and melons, full of beta-carotene and able to fight free radicals. We have peaches and bananas, both are sources of potassium, regulators of the arterial pressure and high in energy. The yellow-orange vegetables are all rich in vitamin A. Carrots are the one responsible for our eyes’ health while pumpkins preserve the integrity of skin and mucous membranes. Finally, thanks to both vitamin A and C peppers are a powerful antioxidant.

Green colored kiwis are full of vitamin C which are important for the correct function of the immune system, while grapes have an energetic effect due to the fructose and the glucose they contain. Green apple is a friend of our digestion process and thanks to its low calorie count it is a healthy snack. There are many more vegetables belonging to this group, such as broccoli and green salad, filled with antioxidants that help the circulatory system, as well as green leafy vegetables. They contain potassium and water but they both work together to promote diuresis. Equally important, green beans are rich in fibre and fight constipation, while spinach thanks to its folic acid helps us recharge our body.

Blue & purple fruits consist of plums, well known for their laxative effect due to their fibres, while black grape and raspberries are powerful antioxidants. Figs are highly recommended for people who are looking for an energy boost before their training because they contain high levels of sugar. Finally, we have currant and blueberry: the first one prevents capillary fragility while the second one takes care of both our circulatory system and eyes. Part of this vegetables group is the eggplant, full of water that helps cleanse our body, and the radicchio, rich in potassium and an ally of both the nervous and muscular system. The purple carrot is a low-calorie food and is an ideal mid-day snack.

Color can affect how memorable something is, guide attention, evoke emotions, and even influence motor function and performance. Keep in mind that these effects can differ between cultures and contexts. For example, according to Ford Data, France, and Italy Favour Cream Colours, Denmark Likes Black, Ireland opts for Silver. Blue is the most loved color by humans being preferred by more than 35% of world’s population. Love is symbolized by green in Japan, red and purple in China, Korea, Japan, and the USA. Unluckiness is symbolized by red in Republic of Chad, Nigeria, and Germany. Luckiness is symbolized by red in China, Denmark, and Argentina. The traditional bridal color is red in China and white in the USA.

The world around us is full of colours and although different people might prefer a certain hue of colour to others, we all agree that a world in black and white would not be as beautiful as one that offers an array of shades and tones.  

Murphy’s Law

It is an adage that says that “Anything that you fear, the more it will happen”. Murphy’s Law highlights into our tendency to keep pondering on the negative and overlook the positive. Murphy’s Law is a very hopeful law, which basically states that if anything must go wrong, it will. This is the basic hypothesis of Murphy’s Law. Captain Edward Murphy lived in the United States until his death in 1990. Captain Edward A. Murphy was an engineer in the Air Force. Although he took part in other engineering design tests throughout both his military and civilian careers, it was one test that he attended almost as a fluke that gave rise to Murphy’s Law. Murphy hooked up his sensors to the harness produced a reading of zero – all the sensors had been connected incorrectly. For each sensor, there were two ways of connecting them, and each one was installed the wrong way…

In other words, Murphy’s law states that nothing is as easy as it looks. Problems need to be tackled with proper study and explanation. Everything takes longer than we think. It’s not a pessimistic law. It is a guarded law.

Gilbert Law

No one will tell you what to do and how to do it perfectly, but you must learn to do that. The initial phases of your career are crucial. How you present yourself in the first few years of your work life is important lesson for rest of your life. It is the foundation of your career. The fact is, everyone messes up some time or the other. It is better to own up your mistakes, apologise and learn from what you’ve done. There is a good possibility you won’t make the same mistake again.

Wilson Law

If you always give importance to information and intelligence, money keeps coming in. Some people experience windfalls always, they experience free flow of money. That’s because they keep updating themselves in their chosen careers. They keep improving their thinking ability and executing methods. They improvise their execution and can solve any complicated issues. It is known as Wilson’s law. It states that when a person can forecast their intelligence and information, they have a free flow of money in their lives.

Kidlin Law

If you can write the problem down clearly then the matter is half solved. This is the best law of all. The statement is clearly illustrated and allows a person to concentrate on understanding the problem before solving it. Writing your problem in detail helps in problem-solving. The writing activity makes us conscious about the way we conceptualize. Self-consciousness about the way we solve problems leads us to more effective conceptualization and, finally, becomes a strategy for solving problems. Many researchers have proved that writing activities generate several intellectual, physiological, and emotional benefits to individuals. These benefits include improve memory function, decreased illness, and greater feelings of happiness.

Falkland Law

When there is no need to make decision, don’t make it. Save your energy and brain for something better. You must keep telling yourself repetitively that even though you can be of help to people sometimes, they must be left on their own to deal with their problems so that they can overcome and learn by themselves. We can at times worsen a problem by trying to help others by giving them advise without knowing the nitty-gritties of an issue. Often, we waste our precious time, by thinking about problems which don’t exist, often we waste time in decision making of problems which can be solved at the right time. Making untimely decisions can lead to decision paralysis. After all, why make a choice now, if a better option may become available tomorrow. We use unconscious practices to cope with the difficulty inherent in most untimely decisions in life.

It is said “Face is the index of the mind and Eyes are the mirror of the soul.

Psychologists have identified a gamut of emotions which we portray with our facial expressions: Happy, Sad, Fearful, Angry, Surprised, Disgusted, happily surprised, Happily disgusted, Sadly fearful, Sadly angry, Sadly surprised, Sadly disgusted, Fearfully angry, Fearfully surprised, Fearfully disgusted. Facial expressions are vital in the communication process as they support our positive or negative views which help us to send and receive to understand the message. Our face is the organ of emotion and identity. We constantly read facial expressions to understand what others are feeling. The face also controls other powerful clues. Our identity is captured in our features, and our eyes which disclose important truths about us, even those which we like to hide.

It is difficult to control our emotions; our eyes tell it all. Our eyes express our feelings. They express our state of mind. Our eyes tell our physical and mental health. Eyes soften in love, they tell when we are happy or sad, they harden with anger, widen we are in fear, narrow when we suspect something, roll in frustration, look down or look nowhere when we are bored.

Some people find it very easy to express their emotions, whereas others are hesitant or unable to let anyone know how they feel. Some are reserved or slow to open, they are an introverted personality. Research shows that extroverts are more expressive and ready to talk instantly. Carl Jung the man who coined the concept introvert and extrovert personality said that introverts get habituated to control even their facial expressions.  

There is concept in movie making business which is called ‘Fourth Wall’. It is the space that separates the performer from the audience. Generally, in movies the characters talk to each other, express to each other on screen. This separates them from the audience; there is an invisible wall between the actors and the audience. To maintain the illusion of reality the actors must act as though the audience don’t exist. If an actor looks directly at the camera, it destroys the illusion.

But there is another concept ‘breaking the fourth wall’ I give here an example what it means breaking the fourth wall – in the movie ‘Kal hon a ho’ characters talk to the audience at various points in the film. Naina (Preity Zinta) talks to the audience about her family and her problems. Later, the other characters also get an opportunity to speak to the audience. When Aman (Shahrukh Khan) asks Naina the last time she smiled, all the other people tell us the last time they saw Naina smile. At a later stage, the people in the film told the audience the meaning of love. All these moments were done in a way that felt fresh at that time and stayed in minds of the audience.  This is an interesting way to get audiences to connect with characters. We appreciate expressive actors and actresses in movies and drams. Expressive actors use their eyes to fullest scope. Dev Anand, Nutan and Sanjiv Kumar were known for their acting prowess and expressing their feelings through eyes.  

Face is the primary channel through which emotions are expressed. By decoding facial signals, observers can understand an expresser’s emotion. Psychologists found that many facial expressions are natural and not visually learned. David Matsumoto says that spontaneously produced facial expressions of emotion of blind, deaf, dumb, and sighted and normal individuals are the same.

David Matsumoto is a renowned expert in the field of micro expressions, Director of Humintell LLC, a company that provides training to individuals and organizations in the field of law and order, is a world-renowned expert in the fields of emotion, nonverbal behaviour, deception, and culture. He received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Michigan in 1981, he majored in psychology and Japanese and received High Honors in both. A micro expression is a facial expression that only lasts for few seconds.

Matsumoto says when a person is angry, vertical lines appear between the eyebrows. Lower lip is strained. Eyes are in hard stare or bulging. Lips can be pressed firmly together, with corners down, or in a square shape as if shouting. Microfacial expressions of emotion have been considered a reliable indicator of dishonesty for decades.  Micro-expressions can reflect an individual’s subjective emotions and true mental state and the study is widely used in the fields of mental health, justice, law enforcement, intelligence, and security. 

Conclusion

Face is an index of our inner world; it conveys countless emotions without saying a word. Some people talk very little and believe in nonverbal communication. And the biggest truth is facial expressions are universal they are the same in all religions; a smile serves to be a universal language that connects people of all cultures and civilizations.